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We focused on transient consonants and measured perception behaviorally and the corresponding complex auditory brainstem response (cABR) onset using simultaneous electroencephalography\/magnetoencephalography (EEG\/MEG) in native Spanish and English speakers. We demonstrate that the latency of an EEG-cABR onset peak predicts consonant perception and that the perception differs according to language background. MEG-cABR analysis demonstrates deep sources for the onset, providing complimentary support for a brainstem origin. Effects of early linguistic experience on speech perception can be observed at the earlier stage of speech encoding at the brainstem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800186115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,13]],"date-time":"2018-08-13T15:12:57Z","timestamp":1534173177000},"page":"8716-8721","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Linguistic effect on speech perception observed at the brainstem"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"T. 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