{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T21:35:18Z","timestamp":1792186518576,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"37","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]],"date-time":"2019-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":184,"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/aboutpnas\/licenses.xhtml"}],"funder":[{"name":"US Federal PEPPER Center Career Development Award","award":["P30AG021342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG021342"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIA","award":["1 R03 AG048920"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 R03 AG048920"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIA","award":["K01AG053408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01AG053408"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017M620653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M620653"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Most of the population in developing countries live in places with unsafe air. Utilizing variations in transitory and cumulative air pollution exposures for the same individuals over time in China, we provide evidence that polluted air may impede cognitive ability as people become older, especially for less educated men. Cutting annual mean concentration of particulate matter smaller than 10 \u03bcm (PM10) in China to the Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s standard (50 \u03bcg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) would move people from the median to the 63rd percentile (verbal test scores) and the 58th percentile (math test scores), respectively. The damage on the aging brain by air pollution likely imposes substantial health and economic costs, considering that cognitive functioning is critical for the elderly for both running daily errands and making high-stake decisions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1809474115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,27]],"date-time":"2018-08-27T19:45:07Z","timestamp":1535399107000},"page":"9193-9197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":757,"title":["The impact of exposure to air pollution on cognitive performance"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0184-5868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Statistics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520;"},{"name":"Department of Economics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4981-9565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaobo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;"},{"name":"Division of Development Strategy and Governance, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC 20005"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530360698513"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390590936166"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-resource-100913-012610"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2016.06.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.280"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32399-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"J Ham J Zweig E Avol Pollution test scores and distribution of academic achievement: Evidence from California schools 2002\u20132008. 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