{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:28:10Z","timestamp":1787005690164,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]],"date-time":"2019-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["262675"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["262675"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["275800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["275800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In litter-bearing species, females exposed to prenatal testosterone from male littermates exhibit altered traits. In humans, rising twinning rates may be exposing a growing subset of females to similar effects. Data on all twin births in Norway between 1967 and 1978 show that females exposed in utero to a male co-twin have a decreased probability of graduating from high school (15.2%), completing college (3.9%), and being married (11.7%), and have lower fertility (5.8%) and life-cycle earnings (8.6%). These relationships remain unchanged among females whose male co-twin died soon after birth, implicating prenatal testosterone exposure rather than being raised with a male sibling. These findings support the hypothesis that being exposed to a male co-twin in utero can have lasting effects on females.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812786116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]],"date-time":"2019-03-18T20:41:06Z","timestamp":1552941666000},"page":"6749-6753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Evidence that prenatal testosterone transfer from male twins reduces the fertility and socioeconomic success of their female co-twins"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Aline","family":"B\u00fctikofer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics, 5045 Bergen, Norway;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David N.","family":"Figlio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208;"},{"name":"Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Karbownik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher W.","family":"Kuzawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208;"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kjell G.","family":"Salvanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics, 5045 Bergen, Norway;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509654112"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2834"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00010.2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02279.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"245","article-title":"Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency","volume":"21","author":"White PC","year":"2000","unstructured":"PC White, PW Speiser, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Endocr Rev 21, 245\u2013291 (2000).","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.1998.1503"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2007.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0125"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.28.6.1075"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"567","article-title":"The anogenital distance index, a predictor of the intrauterine position effects on reproduction in female house mice","volume":"45","author":"Vandenbergh JG","year":"1995","unstructured":"JG Vandenbergh, CL Huggett, The anogenital distance index, a predictor of the intrauterine position effects on reproduction in female house mice. Lab Anim Sci 45, 567\u2013573 (1995).","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(02)00038-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0018-506X(78)90023-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64338-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2011.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1002082325784"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2004.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12175"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-010-9416-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610376075"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2010.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605875104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2015.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.51.1.30"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.11.5.481"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.32.061604.123106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.2000.2596"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2118413"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/146215"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.00791.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2013.7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-200403000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.12.1.93"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.S1.1159"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2015.00088.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0960709"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Sex Differences in Behavior","author":"Phoenix CH","year":"1974","unstructured":"CH Phoenix, Prenatal testosterone in the non-human primate and its consequences for behavior. Sex Differences in Behavior, eds RC Friedman, RM Richart, RL Vande Wiele (Wiley, New York), pp. 19\u201332 (1974)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(91)90012-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000244074"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.074781"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/1997.7582192x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(94)90088-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-44-5-934"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1982.03970390032010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7367881"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(94)00291-C"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(91)90038-P"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025239"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Handbook of the Economics of Education","author":"Figlio D","year":"2016","unstructured":"D Figlio, K Karbownik, K Salvanes, Education research and administrative data. Handbook of the Economics of Education, eds E Hanushek, S Machin, L Woessmann (Elsevier, Amsterdam), pp. 75\u2013138 (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.12.3921"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.122.1.409"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1812786116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1812786116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T03:39:12Z","timestamp":1649821152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1812786116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1812786116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1812786116","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-03-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}