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U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Differentiation between self-produced tactile stimuli and touch by others is necessary for social interactions and for a coherent concept of \u201cself.\u201d The mechanisms underlying this distinction are unknown. Here, we investigated the distinction between self- and other-produced light touch in healthy volunteers using three different approaches: fMRI, behavioral testing, and somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) at spinal and cortical levels. Using fMRI, we found self\u2013other differentiation in somatosensory and sociocognitive areas. Other-touch was related to activation in several areas, including somatosensory cortex, insula, superior temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, striatum, amygdala, cerebellum, and prefrontal cortex. During self-touch, we instead found deactivation in insula, anterior cingulate cortex, superior temporal gyrus, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus, and prefrontal areas. Deactivation extended into brain areas encoding low-level sensory representations, including thalamus and brainstem. These findings were replicated in a second cohort. During self-touch, the sensorimotor cortex was functionally connected to the insula, and the threshold for detection of an additional tactile stimulus was elevated. Differential encoding of self- vs. other-touch during fMRI correlated with the individual self-concept strength. In SEP, cortical amplitudes were reduced during self-touch, while latencies at cortical and spinal levels were faster for other-touch. We thus demonstrated a robust self\u2013other distinction in brain areas related to somatosensory, social cognitive, and interoceptive processing. Signs of this distinction were evident at the spinal cord. Our results provide a framework for future studies in autism, schizophrenia, and emotionally unstable personality disorder, conditions where symptoms include social touch avoidance and poor self-vs.-other discrimination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1816278116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T17:48:38Z","timestamp":1548179318000},"page":"2290-2299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Distinction of self-produced touch and social touch at cortical and spinal cord levels"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2803-3069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Boehme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Link\u00f6ping University, 58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden;"},{"name":"Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Link\u00f6ping University, 58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Hauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3137-3822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory J.","family":"Gerling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Heilig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Link\u00f6ping University, 58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e5kan","family":"Olausson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Link\u00f6ping University, 58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden;"},{"name":"Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Link\u00f6ping University, 58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden;"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Link\u00f6ping University Hospital, 58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3292","article-title":"Multisensory brain mechanisms of bodily self-consciousness","volume":"13","author":"Blanke O","year":"2012","unstructured":"O Blanke, Multisensory brain mechanisms of bodily self-consciousness. 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