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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Collective behavior in spatially structured groups, or biofilms, is the norm among microbes in their natural environments. Though biofilm formation has been studied for decades, tracing the mechanistic and ecological links between individual cell morphologies and the emergent features of cell groups is still in its infancy. Here we use single-cell\u2013resolution confocal microscopy to explore biofilms of the human pathogen\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    in conditions mimicking its marine habitat. Prior reports have noted the occurrence of cellular filamentation in\n                    <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with variable propensity to filament among both toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains. Using a filamenting strain of\n                    <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    O139, we show that cells with this morphotype gain a profound competitive advantage in colonizing and spreading on particles of chitin, the material many marine\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                    species depend on for growth in seawater. Furthermore, filamentous cells can produce biofilms that are independent of primary secreted components of the\n                    <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm matrix; instead, filamentous biofilm architectural strength appears to derive at least in part from the entangled mesh of cells themselves. The advantage gained by filamentous cells in early chitin colonization and growth is countered in long-term competition experiments with matrix-secreting\n                    <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    variants, whose densely packed biofilm structures displace competitors from surfaces. Overall, our results reveal an alternative mode of biofilm architecture that is dependent on filamentous cell morphology and advantageous in environments with rapid chitin particle turnover. This insight provides an environmentally relevant example of how cell morphology can impact bacterial fitness.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1819016116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T17:07:48Z","timestamp":1561482468000},"page":"14216-14221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["<i>Vibrio cholerae<\/i>\n                    filamentation promotes chitin surface attachment at the expense of competition in biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Benjamin R.","family":"Wucher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Bartlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Hoyos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology I, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5560-9804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Papenfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology I, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Persat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;"},{"name":"Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, 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