{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T21:56:01Z","timestamp":1790978161042,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"18","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Mutations in\n                    <jats:italic>SALL1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the human homolog of the\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila\n spalt<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, result in Townes-Brocks' syndrome, which is characterized by\n hand\/foot, anogenital, renal, and ear anomalies, including sensorineural\n deafness.\n                    <jats:italic>spalt<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes encode zinc finger transcription factors that\n are found in animals as diverse as worms, insects, and vertebrates. Here, we\n examine the effect of losing both of the\n                    <jats:italic>spalt<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes,\n                    <jats:italic>spalt<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>spalt-related<\/jats:italic>\n                    , in the fruit fly\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n and report defects similar to those in humans with Townes-Brocks' syndrome.\n Loss of both\n                    <jats:italic>spalt<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>spalt-related<\/jats:italic>\n                    function in flies\n yields morphological defects in the testes, genitalia, and the antenna.\n Furthermore,\n                    <jats:italic>spalt<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>spalt-related<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant antennae show severe\n reductions in Johnston's organ, the major auditory organ in\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Electrophysiological analyses confirm that\n                    <jats:italic>spalt<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>spalt-related<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant flies are deaf. These\n commonalities suggest that there is functional conservation for\n                    <jats:italic>spalt<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes between vertebrates and insects.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1836391100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,2]],"date-time":"2003-09-02T13:27:00Z","timestamp":1062509220000},"page":"10293-10298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["<i>Drosophila spalt\/spalt-related<\/i>\n                    mutants exhibit Townes-Brocks' syndrome phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"P. D. Si","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin,\r Madison, WI 53706; and Interdisciplinary\r Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Department of Biological Sciences,\r University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sokol V.","family":"Todi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin,\r Madison, WI 53706; and Interdisciplinary\r Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Department of Biological Sciences,\r University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel F.","family":"Eberl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin,\r Madison, WI 53706; and Interdisciplinary\r Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Department of Biological Sciences,\r University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Boekhoff-Falk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin,\r Madison, WI 53706; and Interdisciplinary\r Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Department of Biological Sciences,\r University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0198-81"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1996.0631"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1999.6005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302238"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1004(199911)14:5<377::AID-HUMU3>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-1004(200012)16:6<460::AID-HUMU2>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00125817-200107000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(72)80302-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)80518-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320180118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"89","volume":"36","year":"1999","unstructured":"Powell, C. 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