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Drastic territorial contraction of the Byzantine Empire, societal decline, and beginning of the European Middle Ages have generally been linked to the Islamic conquests of the seventh century. This multidisciplinary archaeological investigation of trash mounds in the Negev Desert establishes the end date of organized trash management in the Byzantine-period city of Elusa and demonstrates urban collapse a century before the Islamic transition. Our findings, taken together with other evidence for Byzantine urban dysfunction, the Justinianic Plague, and recent research on the Late Antique Little Ice Age, flesh out the impact of the sixth century on broad historical trajectories.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1900233116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T20:30:28Z","timestamp":1553545828000},"page":"8239-8248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Ancient trash mounds unravel urban collapse a century before the end of Byzantine hegemony in the southern Levant"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1009-5619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guy","family":"Bar-Oz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, 3498838 Haifa, Israel;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3401-8180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lior","family":"Weissbrod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, 3498838 Haifa, Israel;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tali","family":"Erickson-Gini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Archaeological Division, Israel Antiquities Authority, 84965 Omer, Israel;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yotam","family":"Tepper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, 3498838 Haifa, Israel;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Malkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Haifa, 3498838 Haifa, Israel;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mordechay","family":"Benzaquen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dafna","family":"Langgut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary C.","family":"Dunseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel;"},{"name":"Department of Maritime Civilizations, Leon H. 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