{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:17:09Z","timestamp":1791919029872,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":184,"URL":"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/aboutpnas\/licenses.xhtml"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006363","name":"National Geographic Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8742-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8742-10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Humans have a long history of using natural resources, especially plants, to induce nonordinary states of consciousness. Imbibing substances derived from plants have been linked to ancient and elaborate knowledge systems and rituals. While archaeological evidence of the consumption of psychotropics, such as alcohol or caffeine, dates back thousands of years, evidence of the use of other psychoactive substances has been more difficult to document. This article presents the results of chemical analyses of organic residues found in a 1,000-year-old ritual bundle recovered from the highland Andes. The analyses provide evidence of the use of multiple psychoactive plants associated with a sophisticated botanical knowledge system among ritual specialists (shamans) during pre-Columbian times.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1902174116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]],"date-time":"2019-05-07T12:56:14Z","timestamp":1557233774000},"page":"11207-11212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Chemical evidence for the use of multiple psychotropic plants in a 1,000-year-old ritual bundle from South America"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7189-1109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;"},{"name":"Archaeological Research Facility, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Albarracin-Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Antropol\u00f3gicas y Arqueol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andr\u00e9s, La Paz, Bolivia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunalysis Corporation, Pomona, CA 91767;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6046-0939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Capriles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaa.2009.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"Consuming Habits: Drugs in History and Anthropology","author":"Goodman J","year":"1995","unstructured":"Goodman J, Lovejoy PE, Sherratt A, eds (1995) Consuming Habits: Drugs in History and Anthropology (Routledge, London)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1979.10472098"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"1023","article-title":"La importancia de las plantas psicotr\u00f3picas para la econom\u00eda de intercambio y relaciones de interacci\u00f3n en el altiplano sur andino","volume":"36","author":"Angelo ZD","year":"2004","unstructured":"Angelo ZD, Capriles JM (2004) La importancia de las plantas psicotr\u00f3picas para la econom\u00eda de intercambio y relaciones de interacci\u00f3n en el altiplano sur andino. Chungara Revista de Antropolog\u00eda Chilena 36:1023\u20131035.","journal-title":"Chungara Revista de Antropolog\u00eda Chilena"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2011.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"489","article-title":"[Mescaline and the San Pedro cactus ritual: Archaeological and ethnographic evidence in northern Peru]","volume":"42","author":"Carod-Artal FJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carod-Artal FJ, V\u00e1zquez-Cabrera CB (2006) [Mescaline and the San Pedro cactus ritual: Archaeological and ethnographic evidence in northern Peru]. Rev Neurol 42:489\u2013498.","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"Duke GS (2011) Continuity cultural dynamics and alcohol: The reinterpretation of identity through chicha in the andes. Identity Crisis: Archaeological Perspectives on Social Identity Chacmool Archaeology Conference Proceedings eds Amundsen-Meyer L Engel N Pickering S (University of Calgary Calgary Canada) pp 263\u2013272."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.04.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","unstructured":"Valdez LM Taboada J (2017) Coca Leaves in the Context of the Central Andean Wari State. Trading Spaces: The Archaeology of Interaction Migration and Exchange Chacmool Archaeology Conference Proceedings eds Patton M Manion J (Chacmool Archaeol Assoc University of Calgary Calgary Canada) pp 136\u2013151."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"291","article-title":"Archaeological evidence for the antiquity of psychoactive plant use in the Central Andes","volume":"11","author":"Torres CM","year":"1995","unstructured":"Torres CM (1995) Archaeological evidence for the antiquity of psychoactive plant use in the Central Andes. Annuli dei Musei Civici Roverero 11:291\u2013326.","journal-title":"Annuli dei Musei Civici Roverero"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2014.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1813796115"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasrep.2018.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2008.09.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(85)90060-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","volume-title":"The Hold Life Has: Coca and Cultural Identity in an Andean Community","author":"Allen CJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"Allen CJ (2002) The Hold Life Has: Coca and Cultural Identity in an Andean Community (Smithsonian Inst Press, Washington, DC), 2nd Ed.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00067004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8644(200103)114:3<242::AID-AJPA1023>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(81)90052-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(93)90280-N"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","volume-title":"Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America","author":"Torres CM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Torres CM, Repke DB (2012) Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America (Routledge, New York), 2nd Ed.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","unstructured":"Brown EL (2012) Investigating the use of coca and other psychoactive plants in Pre-Columbian mummies from Chile and Peru. An analytical investigation into the feasibility of testing ancient hair for drug compounds. Doctoral thesis (University of Bradford Bradford UK)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2013.04.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","first-page":"95","article-title":"The Paleoamerican occupation of Cueva Bautista: Late Pleistocene human evidence from the Bolivian highlands","volume":"28","author":"Albarracin-Jordan J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Albarracin-Jordan J, Capriles JM (2011) The Paleoamerican occupation of Cueva Bautista: Late Pleistocene human evidence from the Bolivian highlands. Curr Res Pleistocene 28:95\u201398.","journal-title":"Curr Res Pleistocene"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasrep.2016.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00050730"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","volume-title":"Ancient Tiwanaku","author":"Janusek JW","year":"2008","unstructured":"Janusek JW (2008) Ancient Tiwanaku (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820749116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","volume-title":"La formaci\u00f3n del estado prehisp\u00e1nico en los Andes: origen y desarrollo de la sociedad segmentaria ind\u00edgena","author":"Albarracin-Jordan J","year":"2007","unstructured":"Albarracin-Jordan J (2007) La formaci\u00f3n del estado prehisp\u00e1nico en los Andes: origen y desarrollo de la sociedad segmentaria ind\u00edgena (Fundaci\u00f3n Bartolom\u00e9 de las Casas, La Paz, Bolivia)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaa.2010.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","first-page":"469","article-title":"Albores del psicotropismo en San Pedro de Atacama: Pipas vs. tabletas","volume":"47","author":"Llagostera A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Llagostera A (2015) Albores del psicotropismo en San Pedro de Atacama: Pipas vs. tabletas. Chungara (Arica) 47:469\u2013488.","journal-title":"Chungara (Arica)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","first-page":"83","article-title":"Contextualizaci\u00f3n e iconograf\u00eda de las tabletas psicotr\u00f3picas Tiwanaku de San Pedro de Atacama","volume":"38","author":"Llagostera A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Llagostera A (2006) Contextualizaci\u00f3n e iconograf\u00eda de las tabletas psicotr\u00f3picas Tiwanaku de San Pedro de Atacama. Chungara (Arica) 38:83\u2013111.","journal-title":"Chungara (Arica)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-10432012000100002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","volume-title":"Hallucinogens and Shamanism","author":"Harner MJ","year":"1973","unstructured":"Harner MJ (1973) Hallucinogens and Shamanism (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00114061"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","volume-title":"Shamans Through Time: 500 Years to the Path of Knowledge","author":"Narby J","year":"2001","unstructured":"Narby J, Huxley F, eds (2001) Shamans Through Time: 500 Years to the Path of Knowledge (Tarcher & Penguin, New York)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2458\/azu_rc.57.18318"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaa.2014.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","first-page":"71","article-title":"La parafernalia para consumo de alucin\u00f3genos de \u201ccalilegua\u201d (Jujuy, Argentina): Procedencia, cronolog\u00eda y relaciones circumpune\u00f1as","volume":"23","author":"Nielsen AE","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nielsen AE (2018) La parafernalia para consumo de alucin\u00f3genos de \u201ccalilegua\u201d (Jujuy, Argentina): Procedencia, cronolog\u00eda y relaciones circumpune\u00f1as. Bol Mus Chil Arte Precolomb 23:71\u2013100.","journal-title":"Bol Mus Chil Arte Precolomb"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-68942015000100005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00e9lisle V (March 1 2019) Hallucinogens and altered states of consciousness in Cusco Peru: A path to local power during Wari State expansion. Camb Archaeol J 10.1017\/S0959774319000015.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959774319000015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(84)90015-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563657508988061"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","unstructured":"Plowman T (1986) Coca chewing and the botanical origins of coca (Erythroxylum spp.) in South America. Coca and Cocaine: Effects on People and Policy in Latin America eds Pacini D Franquemont C (Cultural Survival Inc. Cornell University Latin American Studies Program and the Transcript Printing Co Peterborough NH) Cultural Survival Report No. 23 pp 5\u201333."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/972171"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2013.877902"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","first-page":"273","article-title":"De plantis toxicariis e mundo novo tropicale commentationes xviii: Phytochemical examination of Spruce\u2019s ethnobotanical collection of Anadenathera peregrina","volume":"25","author":"Schultes RE","year":"1977","unstructured":"Schultes RE, Holmstedt B, Lindgren J-E, Rivier L (1977) De plantis toxicariis e mundo novo tropicale commentationes xviii: Phytochemical examination of Spruce\u2019s ethnobotanical collection of Anadenathera peregrina. Bot Mus Lealf Harv Univ 25:273\u2013287.","journal-title":"Bot Mus Lealf Harv Univ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","volume-title":"The Genus Anadenanthera in Amerindian Cultures","author":"Altschul SvonR","year":"1972","unstructured":"Altschul SvonR (1972) The Genus Anadenanthera in Amerindian Cultures (Harvard University, Cambridge, MA)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2001.10400574"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02866491"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05407-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caiuby Labate B Cavnar C Gearin AK (2017) Introduction: The shifting journey of ayahuasca in diaspora. The World Ayahuasca Diaspora: Reinventions and Controversies eds Caiuby Labate B Cavnar C Gearin AK (Routledge New York) pp 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315551425"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","unstructured":"R\u00e4tsch C (2005) The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications (Park Street Rochester VT). US edition (translated)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","volume-title":"Plants of the Gods: Their Sacred, Healing, and Hallucinogenic Powers","author":"Schultes RE","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schultes RE, Hofmann A, R\u00e4tsch C (2001) Plants of the Gods: Their Sacred, Healing, and Hallucinogenic Powers (Healing Arts, Rochester, VT), 2nd Ed.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2005.10399795"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7183\/1045-6635.21.4.441"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","first-page":"459","article-title":"Consumo prehisp\u00e1nico de sustancias psicoactivas en el norte de Chile sugiere redes tempranas de intercambio con el altiplano central y la amazon\u00eda","volume":"42","author":"Ogalde JP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ogalde JP, . (2017) Consumo prehisp\u00e1nico de sustancias psicoactivas en el norte de Chile sugiere redes tempranas de intercambio con el altiplano central y la amazon\u00eda. Interciencia 42:459\u2013463.","journal-title":"Interciencia"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","first-page":"339","volume-title":"Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs","author":"Holmstedt B","year":"1967","unstructured":"Holmstedt B, Lindgren JE (1967) Chemical constituents and pharmacology of South American snuffs. Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs, ed Efron DH (Pub Health Serv Publication 1645, Washington, DC), pp 339\u2013373."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1985.10472328"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2002.10399963"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-3537.2010.01021.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/naw.2011.31.2.123"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","first-page":"185","article-title":"Posibles fuentes de alucin\u00f3genos en Wari y Tiwanaku: Cactus, flores, y frutos","volume":"26","author":"Mulvany EN","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mulvany EN (1994) Posibles fuentes de alucin\u00f3genos en Wari y Tiwanaku: Cactus, flores, y frutos. Chungara (Arica) 26:185\u2013209.","journal-title":"Chungara (Arica)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2007.09.037"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1902174116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1902174116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T05:30:33Z","timestamp":1649827833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1902174116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1902174116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1902174116","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-05-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}