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A less widely recognized threat is the decline in Indigenous mariculture practices. These practices, such as building of clam gardens, structured coastal ecosystems for millennia. Teasing out the dynamic and intertwined relationships between humans and culturally valued species, such as clams, requires long-term paleoecological and archaeological records. These records are requisite for creating meaningful management targets and for applying traditional mariculture practices, such as the tending of clam gardens, to increase the productivity and sustainability of our foods today. Documenting these interactions between humans and coastal ecosystems, such as we have done here, also counteracts the erasure of the long-term connections of Indigenous peoples to their lands and seas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1905921116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T20:54:19Z","timestamp":1571086459000},"page":"22106-22114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["11,500 y of human\u2013clam relationships provide long-term context for intertidal management in the Salish Sea, British Columbia"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Ginevra","family":"Toniello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;"},{"name":"Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC V0P 1H0, Canada;"},{"name":"Treaty, Lands and Resources Department, Tsleil-Waututh Nation, North Vancouver, BC V7H 2V6, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1858-0432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana","family":"Lepofsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;"},{"name":"Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC V0P 1H0, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6015-347X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gavia","family":"Lertzman-Lepofsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne K.","family":"Salomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC V0P 1H0, Canada;"},{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Rowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800;"},{"name":"Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-00669-090301"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2008.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2984\/049.063.0411"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2008.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2011.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(79)90144-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(2002)030<0803:TAMDAP>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1403660112"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059199"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2008.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1600019113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-016-1096-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1993.95.3.02a00050"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10745-015-9743-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Early Human Impact on Megamolluscs","author":"Cannon A.","year":"2008","unstructured":"A. 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