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U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>HLA<\/jats:italic>\n                    alleles have previously been implicated with scleroderma risk, but, in this study, using a European American ancestral cohort and a newly recruited large cohort of African Americans, we comprehensively define the\n                    <jats:italic>HLA<\/jats:italic>\n                    alleles and amino acid residues associated with scleroderma. Scleroderma is characterized by mutually exclusive and specific autoantibodies. We demonstrated ancestry-predominant\n                    <jats:italic>HLA<\/jats:italic>\n                    alleles that were much more strongly associated with autoantibody subsets of scleroderma than with the overall risk of SSc. We bioinformatically predicted immunodominant peptides of self-antigens and demonstrated homology of these peptides with viral protein sequences from Mimiviridae and Phycodnaviridae families. Our findings suggest the hypothesis that scleroderma-specific autoantibodies may arise through molecular mimicry, driven by the interaction of specific viral antigens with corresponding HLA\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mi>\u03b2<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    heterodimers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1906593116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T20:36:11Z","timestamp":1577133371000},"page":"552-562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["<i>HLA<\/i>\n                    and autoantibodies define scleroderma subtypes and risk in African and European Americans and suggest a role for molecular mimicry"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6488-1850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pravitt","family":"Gourh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;"},{"name":"Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Safran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven E.","family":"Boyden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia D.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ami A.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen D.","family":"Mayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayo","family":"Doumatey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy R.","family":"Bentley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Shriner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn T.","family":"Domsic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology &amp; 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