{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T15:34:33Z","timestamp":1792164873961,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"42","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010869","name":"SU | Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Realizing Environmental Innovation"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Realizing Environmental Innovation"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010869","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyphosphate fire retardants are a critical tactical resource for fighting fires in the wildland and in the wildland\u2013urban interface. Yet, application of these retardants is limited to emergency suppression strategies because current formulations cannot retain fire retardants on target vegetation for extended periods of time through environmental exposure and weathering. New retardant formulations with persistent retention to target vegetation throughout the peak fire season would enable methodical, prophylactic treatment strategies of landscapes at high risk of wildfires through prolonged prevention of ignition and continual impediment to active flaming fronts. Here we develop a sprayable, environmentally benign viscoelastic fluid comprising biopolymers and colloidal silica to enhance adherence and retention of polyphosphate retardants on common wildfire-prone vegetation. These viscoelastic fluids exhibit appropriate wetting and rheological responses to enable robust retardant adherence to vegetation following spray application. Further, laboratory and pilot-scale burn studies establish that these materials drastically reduce ignition probability before and after simulated weathering events. Overall, these studies demonstrate how these materials actualize opportunities to shift the approach of retardant-based wildfire management from reactive suppression to proactive prevention at the source of ignitions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1907855116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T21:24:01Z","timestamp":1569878641000},"page":"20820-20827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Wildfire prevention through prophylactic treatment of high-risk landscapes using viscoelastic retardant fluids"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5888-2718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony C.","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science &amp; Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hector","family":"Lopez Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science &amp; Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew H.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil &amp; Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyndsay M.","family":"Stapleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reuben J.","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resource Management &amp; Environmental Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric T.","family":"Mellor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resource Management &amp; Environmental Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron P.","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resource Management &amp; Environmental Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory D.","family":"McCurdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Albert J.","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doreen","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig S.","family":"Criddle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil &amp; Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;"},{"name":"Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse D.","family":"Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resource Management &amp; Environmental Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Appel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science &amp; Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;"},{"name":"Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","unstructured":"United States National Interagency Fire Center Historical wildland fire information. https:\/\/www.nifc.gov\/fireInfo\/fireInfo_statistics.html. Accessed 1 August 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1617394114"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718850115"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/06-1715.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409277"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800166"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.001653"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000556"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1804353115"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2737\/NRS-RMAP-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","volume-title":"Fluorinated Surfactants: Synthesis, Properties, Applications","author":"Kissa E.","year":"1994","unstructured":"E. Kissa, Fluorinated Surfactants: Synthesis, Properties, Applications (Dekker, New York, 1994)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","volume-title":"Can Fire Suppressant Gels Protect Log Decks? A Case Study to Test the Concept","author":"Schoeder D.","year":"2006","unstructured":"D. Schoeder, Can Fire Suppressant Gels Protect Log Decks? A Case Study to Test the Concept (Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Vancouver, 2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","volume-title":"Can Fire Suppressant Gels Protect Log Decks? Part III - Two Case Studies to Test Gel Effectiveness Against Radiant and Convective Heat Transfer","author":"Schoeder D.","year":"2006","unstructured":"D. Schoeder, Can Fire Suppressant Gels Protect Log Decks? Part III - Two Case Studies to Test Gel Effectiveness Against Radiant and Convective Heat Transfer (Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Vancouver, 2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","volume-title":"Effectiveness of Forest Fuel Management: A Crown Fire Case Study in the Northwest Territories, Canada","author":"Schoeder D.","year":"2006","unstructured":"D. Schoeder, Effectiveness of Forest Fuel Management: A Crown Fire Case Study in the Northwest Territories, Canada (Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Vancouver, 2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","unstructured":"United States Forest Service Water enhancers for wildland fire management. https:\/\/www.fs.fed.us\/rm\/fire\/documents\/2019%20qpl_we_2019-May.pdf. Accessed 1 June 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207230701240578"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","unstructured":"R. N. Bashaw B. G. Harper \u201cMethod for controlling the spread of fire.\u201d US Patent 3229769A (1963)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","unstructured":"J. E. Pascente T. J. Pascente \u201cMethod of preventing combustion by applying an aqueous superabsorbent polymer composition.\u201d US Patent 5849210A (1995)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2011.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b212497a"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es991359u"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.6b00260"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2008.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","unstructured":"Phos-Chek Phos-chek INSUL-8 water enhancing gel. https:\/\/phoschek.com\/product\/phos-chek-insul-8-wildland\/. Accessed 1 June 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WF03001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","unstructured":"United States Forest Service Nationwide aerial application of fire retardant on national forest system land. https:\/\/www.fs.fed.us\/sites\/default\/files\/media_wysiwyg\/wfcs_final_feis_0.pdf. Accessed 1 June 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/073490419201000602"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-3910(85)90089-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1618156113"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Food Polysaccharides and Their Applications","author":"Coffey D. G.","year":"1995","unstructured":"D. G. Coffey, D. A. Bell, A. Henderson, \u201cCellulose and cellulose derivatives\u201d in Food Polysaccharides and Their Applications, A. M. Stephen, Ed. (Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1995), pp. 123\u2013154."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-0975-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2009.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.57.827"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.81.739"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-011212-140734"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevFluids.1.023302"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12545"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","volume-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","author":"Rice E. W.","year":"2017","unstructured":"E. W. Rice, R. B. Baird, A. D. Eaton, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environmental Federation, Washington, DC, 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.10.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1504498112"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","unstructured":"R. H. White D. R. Weise K. Mackes A. C. Dibble \u201cCone calorimeter testing of vegetation: An update\u201d in Proceedings of the International Conference on Fire Safety (US Forest Service 2002) vol. 35."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","unstructured":"United States Forest Service Coverage levels. https:\/\/www.fs.fed.us\/rm\/fire\/pubs\/pdfpubs\/user_gd\/ug-06.pdf. Accessed 1 August 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. J. Ranalli \u201cA summary of the scientific literature on the effects of fire on the concentration of nutrients in surface waters\u201d (US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1296 2004).","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20041296"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000423117","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580688000000}},{"DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1921405117","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]],"date-time":"2019-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577664000000}}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1907855116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1907855116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T16:59:34Z","timestamp":1654621174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1907855116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"42","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1907855116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1907855116","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-09-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}