{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:17:35Z","timestamp":1792005455282,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"41","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS 1354241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS 1354241"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB 1557190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB 1557190"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB 1551488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB 1551488"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRFP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRFP"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Biodiversity loss is one major outcome of human-mediated ecosystem disturbance. One way that humans have triggered wildlife declines is by transporting disease-causing agents to remote areas of the world. Amphibians have been hit particularly hard by disease due in part to a globally distributed pathogenic chytrid fungus (\n                    <jats:italic>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    [\n                    <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>\n                    ]). Prior research has revealed important insights into the biology and distribution of\n                    <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; however, there are still many outstanding questions in this system. Although we know that there are multiple divergent lineages of\n                    <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>\n                    that differ in pathogenicity, we know little about how these lineages are distributed around the world and where lineages may be coming into contact. Here, we implement a custom genotyping method for a global set of\n                    <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>\n                    samples. This method is optimized to amplify and sequence degraded DNA from noninvasive skin swab samples. We describe a divergent lineage of\n                    <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which we call\n                    <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>\n                    ASIA3, that appears to be widespread in Southeast Asia. This lineage co-occurs with the global panzootic lineage (\n                    <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>\n                    GPL) in multiple localities. Additionally, we shed light on the global distribution of\n                    <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>\n                    GPL and highlight the expanded range of another lineage,\n                    <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>\n                    CAPE. Finally, we argue that more monitoring needs to take place where\n                    <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>\n                    lineages are coming into contact and where we know little about\n                    <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>\n                    lineage diversity. Monitoring need not use expensive or difficult field techniques but can use archived swab samples to further explore the history\u2014and predict the future impacts\u2014of this devastating pathogen.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1908289116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]],"date-time":"2019-10-08T17:45:20Z","timestamp":1570556720000},"page":"20382-20387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["Cryptic diversity of a widespread global pathogen reveals expanded threats to amphibian conservation"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5366-0673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison Q.","family":"Byrne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;"},{"name":"Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9682-1190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vance T.","family":"Vredenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7609-5649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An","family":"Martel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Pasmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayna C.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20560;"},{"name":"Department of Herpetology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1810-9886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Blackburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly C.","family":"Bletz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Bosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain;"},{"name":"Research Unit of Biodiversity, CSIC\u2013Universidad de Oviedo\u2013Gobierno del Principado de Asturias, E-33600 Mieres, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl J.","family":"Briggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafe M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045;"},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Catenazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariel","family":"Familiar L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Figueroa-Valenzuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia L.","family":"Ghose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jef R.","family":"Jaeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8719-2962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea J.","family":"Jani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai\u2018i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miloslav","family":"Jirku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland A.","family":"Knapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory, University of California, Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0225-0332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity Conservation, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas 29290, M\u00e9xico;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Portik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne L.","family":"Richards-Zawacki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Rockney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Sciences Graduate Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean M.","family":"Rovito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gen\u00f3mica Avanzada (Langebio), Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Irapuato, Guanajuato CP36824, M\u00e9xico;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reptile, Amphibian and Fish Conservation, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Sulaeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Thien","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Voyles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony W.","family":"Waddle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154;"},{"name":"One Health Research Group, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica Bree","family":"Rosenblum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;"},{"name":"Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","article-title":"Global trends in emerging infectious diseases","volume":"451","author":"Jones K. E.","year":"2008","unstructured":"K. E. Jones ., Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature 451, 990\u2013993 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5452.443","article-title":"Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife\u2013Threats to biodiversity and human health","volume":"287","author":"Daszak P.","year":"2000","unstructured":"P. Daszak, A. A. Cunningham, A. D. Hyatt, Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife\u2013Threats to biodiversity and human health. Science 287, 443\u2013449 (2000).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2007.02.002","article-title":"The relationship between the emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the international trade in amphibians and introduced amphibian species","volume":"21","author":"Fisher M. C.","year":"2007","unstructured":"M. C. Fisher, T. W. J. Garner, The relationship between the emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the international trade in amphibians and introduced amphibian species. Fungal Biol. Rev. 21, 2\u20139 (2007).","journal-title":"Fungal Biol. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","first-page":"223","article-title":"Investigating and managing the rapid emergence of white-nose syndrome, a novel, fatal, infectious disease of hibernating bats","volume":"25","author":"Foley J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"J. Foley, D. Clifford, K. Castle, P. Cryan, R. S. Ostfeld, Investigating and managing the rapid emergence of white-nose syndrome, a novel, fatal, infectious disease of hibernating bats. Conserv. Biol. 25, 223\u2013231 (2011).","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-007-0093-5","article-title":"Spread of chytridiomycosis has caused the rapid global decline and extinction of frogs","volume":"4","author":"Skerratt L. F.","year":"2007","unstructured":"L. F. Skerratt ., Spread of chytridiomycosis has caused the rapid global decline and extinction of frogs. EcoHealth 4, 125\u2013134 (2007).","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11466","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801921105","article-title":"Colloquium paper: Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians","volume":"105","author":"Wake D. B.","year":"2008","unstructured":"D. B. Wake, V. T. Vredenburg, Colloquium paper: Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (suppl. 1), 11466\u201311473 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/00275514.1999.12061011","article-title":"Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to Amphibians","volume":"91","author":"Longcore J. E.","year":"1999","unstructured":"J. E. Longcore, A. P. Pessier, D. K. Nichols, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to Amphibians. Mycologia 91, 219\u2013227 (1999).","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176765","article-title":"Pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis, a cause of catastrophic amphibian declines","volume":"326","author":"Voyles J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"J. Voyles ., Pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis, a cause of catastrophic amphibian declines. Science 326, 582\u2013585 (2009).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9689","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914111107","article-title":"Dynamics of an emerging disease drive large-scale amphibian population extinctions","volume":"107","author":"Vredenburg V. T.","year":"2010","unstructured":"V. T. Vredenburg, R. A. Knapp, T. S. Tunstall, C. J. Briggs, Dynamics of an emerging disease drive large-scale amphibian population extinctions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 9689\u20139694 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9695","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912886107","article-title":"Enzootic and epizootic dynamics of the chytrid fungal pathogen of amphibians","volume":"107","author":"Briggs C. J.","year":"2010","unstructured":"C. J. Briggs, R. A. Knapp, V. T. Vredenburg, Enzootic and epizootic dynamics of the chytrid fungal pathogen of amphibians. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 9695\u20139700 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33567","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033567","article-title":"A reservoir species for the emerging amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis thrives in a landscape decimated by disease","volume":"7","author":"Reeder N. M. M.","year":"2012","unstructured":"N. M. M. Reeder, A. P. Pessier, V. T. Vredenburg, A reservoir species for the emerging amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis thrives in a landscape decimated by disease. PLoS One 7, e33567 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0188384","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188384","article-title":"Introduced bullfrog facilitates pathogen invasion in the western United States","volume":"13","author":"Yap T. A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"T. A. Yap, M. S. Koo, R. F. Ambrose, V. T. Vredenburg, Introduced bullfrog facilitates pathogen invasion in the western United States. PLoS One 13, e0188384 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2009.00307.x","article-title":"The North American bullfrog as a reservoir for the spread of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Brazil","volume":"13","author":"Schloegel L. M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"L. M. Schloegel ., The North American bullfrog as a reservoir for the spread of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Brazil. Anim. Conserv. 13, 53\u201361 (2010).","journal-title":"Anim. Conserv."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar1965","article-title":"Recent Asian origin of chytrid fungi causing global amphibian declines","volume":"360","author":"O\u2019Hanlon S. J.","year":"2018","unstructured":"S. J. O\u2019Hanlon ., Recent Asian origin of chytrid fungi causing global amphibian declines. Science 360, 621\u2013627 (2018).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9385","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1300130110","article-title":"Complex history of the amphibian-killing chytrid fungus revealed with genome resequencing data","volume":"110","author":"Rosenblum E. B.","year":"2013","unstructured":"E. B. Rosenblum ., Complex history of the amphibian-killing chytrid fungus revealed with genome resequencing data. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, 9385\u20139390 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13599","article-title":"Amphibian-killing chytrid in Brazil comprises both locally endemic and globally expanding populations","volume":"25","author":"Jenkinson T. S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"T. S. Jenkinson ., Amphibian-killing chytrid in Brazil comprises both locally endemic and globally expanding populations. Mol. Ecol. 25, 2978\u20132996 (2016).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18732","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1111915108","article-title":"Multiple emergences of genetically diverse amphibian-infecting chytrids include a globalized hypervirulent recombinant lineage","volume":"108","author":"Farrer R. A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"R. A. Farrer ., Multiple emergences of genetically diverse amphibian-infecting chytrids include a globalized hypervirulent recombinant lineage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 18732\u201318736 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05710.x","article-title":"Novel, panzootic and hybrid genotypes of amphibian chytridiomycosis associated with the bullfrog trade","volume":"21","author":"Schloegel L. M.","year":"2012","unstructured":"L. M. Schloegel ., Novel, panzootic and hybrid genotypes of amphibian chytridiomycosis associated with the bullfrog trade. Mol. Ecol. 21, 5162\u20135177 (2012).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27828-w","article-title":"Hybrids of amphibian chytrid show high virulence in native hosts","volume":"8","author":"Greenspan S. E.","year":"2018","unstructured":"S. E. Greenspan ., Hybrids of amphibian chytrid show high virulence in native hosts. Sci. Rep. 8, 9600 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3354\/dao060141","article-title":"Rapid quantitative detection of chytridiomycosis (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in amphibian samples using real-time Taqman PCR assay","volume":"60","author":"Boyle D. G.","year":"2004","unstructured":"D. G. Boyle, D. B. Boyle, V. Olsen, J. A. Morgan, A. D. Hyatt, Rapid quantitative detection of chytridiomycosis (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in amphibian samples using real-time Taqman PCR assay. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 60, 141\u2013148 (2004).","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.12675","article-title":"Unlocking the story in the swab: A new genotyping assay for the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis","volume":"17","author":"Byrne A. Q.","year":"2017","unstructured":"A. Q. Byrne ., Unlocking the story in the swab: A new genotyping assay for the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 17, 1283\u20131292 (2017).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8633","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08633","article-title":"Widespread presence of the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in wild amphibian communities in Madagascar","volume":"5","author":"Bletz M. C.","year":"2015","unstructured":"M. C. Bletz ., Widespread presence of the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in wild amphibian communities in Madagascar. Sci. Rep. 5, 8633 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090727","article-title":"Unifying the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of pathogens","volume":"303","author":"Grenfell B. T.","year":"2004","unstructured":"B. T. Grenfell ., Unifying the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of pathogens. 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