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Here we show that nicotinic receptors containing specific subunits, located in the brain reward system, mediate the experience of both the acute rewarding and aversive effects of nicotine, depending on which neurons they are located. These results provide contradictory evidence to the popularly held belief that the brain dopaminergic system exclusively mediates the rewarding effects of abused drugs, instead providing evidence that the aversive motivational effects of nicotine are signaled through this system as well. Our results lead to a better understanding of the neurobiological substrates of nicotine reward and aversion and thus may lead to new possible targets for pharmacotherapeutic treatments of tobacco addiction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1908724116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T18:05:20Z","timestamp":1574877920000},"page":"25968-25973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["\u03b22* nAChRs on VTA dopamine and GABA neurons separately mediate nicotine aversion and reward"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4282-6049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taryn E.","family":"Grieder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada;"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, 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