{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:40:58Z","timestamp":1792791658755,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]],"date-time":"2020-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":182,"URL":"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/aboutpnas\/licenses.xhtml"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"The Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["096435\/Z\/11\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["096435\/Z\/11\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Johan and Jakob S\u00f6derberg's Foundation","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]},{"name":"US National Science Foundation","award":["BCS-1523264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS-1523264"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021nxhr62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05mjrzy91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Department of Anatomy of the University of Otago","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01jmxt844","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Royal Irish Academy in partnership with the National Monuments Service","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019tbdj08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Food and diet were class markers in 19th-century Ireland, which became evident as nearly 1 million people, primarily the poor and destitute, died as a consequence of the notorious Great Famine of 1845 to 1852. Famine took hold after a blight\n                    <jats:italic>(Phytophthora infestans)<\/jats:italic>\n                    destroyed virtually the only means of subsistence\u2014the potato crop\u2014for a significant proportion of the population. This study seeks to elucidate the variability of diet in mid\u201319th-century Ireland through microparticle and proteomic analysis of human dental calculus samples (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 42) from victims of the famine. The samples derive from remains of people who died between August 1847 and March 1851 while receiving poor relief as inmates in the union workhouse in the city of Kilkenny (52\u00b039\u2032 N, \u22127\u00b015\u2032 W). The results corroborate the historical accounts of food provisions before and during the famine, with evidence of corn (maize), potato, and cereal starch granules from the microparticle analysis and milk protein from the proteomic analysis. Unexpectedly, there is also evidence of egg protein\u2014a food source generally reserved only for export and the better-off social classes\u2014which highlights the variability of the prefamine experience for those who died. Through historical contextualization, this study shows how the notoriously monotonous potato diet of the poor was opportunistically supplemented by other foodstuffs. While the Great Irish Famine was one of the worst subsistence crises in history, it was foremost a social disaster induced by the lack of access to food and not the lack of food availability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1908839116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T20:25:46Z","timestamp":1568060746000},"page":"19380-19385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Relief food subsistence revealed by microparticle and proteomic analyses of dental calculus from victims of the Great Irish Famine"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6113-1950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonny","family":"Geber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of History, Classics &amp; Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0747-9099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Tromp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany;"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8892-1557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Bouwman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Z\u00fcrich, 8057 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8429-3557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Nanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Genomics Centre Zurich, University of Z\u00fcrich\/Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule Z\u00fcrich, 8057 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6899-9020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Grossmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Genomics Centre Zurich, University of Z\u00fcrich\/Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule Z\u00fcrich, 8057 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3718-1058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Hendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany;"},{"name":"Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO1 7EP, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4528-5877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Warinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany;"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","volume-title":"Ireland before and after the Famine: Explorations in Economic History, 1800\u20131925","author":"\u00d3 Gr\u00e1da C.","year":"1993","unstructured":"C. \u00d3 Gr\u00e1da, Ireland before and after the Famine: Explorations in Economic History, 1800\u20131925 (Manchester University Press, 1993)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"72","article-title":"The use of the potato crop in pre-Famine Ireland","volume":"21","author":"Bourke P. M. A.","year":"1968","unstructured":"P. M. A. Bourke, The use of the potato crop in pre-Famine Ireland. J. Stat. Soc. Inq. Soc. Irel. 21, 72\u201396 (1968).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Soc. Inq. Soc. Irel."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","first-page":"170","volume-title":"Atlas of the Great Irish Famine, 1845\u201352","author":"\u00d3 Gr\u00e1da C.","year":"2012","unstructured":"C. \u00d3 Gr\u00e1da, \u201cMortality and the Great Famine\u201d in Atlas of the Great Irish Famine, 1845\u201352, J. Crowley, W. J. Smyth, M. Murphy, Eds. (Cork University Press, 2012), pp. 170\u2013179."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","volume-title":"The Workhouses of Ireland: The Fate of Ireland\u2019s Poor","author":"O\u2019Connor J.","year":"1995","unstructured":"J. O\u2019Connor, The Workhouses of Ireland: The Fate of Ireland\u2019s Poor (Anvil Books, 1995)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6563.2006.00145.x","article-title":"Food supply and economic ideology: Indian corn relief during the second year of the Great Irish Famine (1847)","volume":"68","author":"Harzallah M. S.","year":"2006","unstructured":"M. S. Harzallah, Food supply and economic ideology: Indian corn relief during the second year of the Great Irish Famine (1847). Historian 68, 305\u2013323 (2006).","journal-title":"Historian"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2008.11.008","article-title":"Changes in starch grain morphologies from cooking","volume":"36","author":"Henry A. G.","year":"2009","unstructured":"A. G. Henry, H. F. Hudson, D. R. Piperno, Changes in starch grain morphologies from cooking. J. Archaeol. Sci. 36, 915\u2013922 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s12520-012-0097-0","article-title":"The differential survival of native starch during cooking and implications for archaeological analyses: A review","volume":"4","author":"Crowther A.","year":"2012","unstructured":"A. Crowther, The differential survival of native starch during cooking and implications for archaeological analyses: A review. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 4, 221\u2013235 (2012).","journal-title":"Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/19442890.2016.1150629","article-title":"Impact of brief roasting on starch gelatinization in whole foods and implications for plant food nutritional ecology in human evolution","volume":"8","author":"Schnorr S. L.","year":"2016","unstructured":"S. L. Schnorr, A. N. Crittenden, A. G. Henry, Impact of brief roasting on starch gelatinization in whole foods and implications for plant food nutritional ecology in human evolution. Ethnoarchaeology 8, 30\u201356 (2016).","journal-title":"Ethnoarchaeology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23147","article-title":"Beyond food: The multiple pathways for inclusion of materials into ancient dental calculus","volume":"162","author":"Radini A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"A. Radini, E. Nikita, S. Buckley, L. Copeland, K. Hardy, Beyond food: The multiple pathways for inclusion of materials into ancient dental calculus. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 162 (suppl. 63), 71\u201383 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","unstructured":"Poor Law Commission Poor Inquiry (Ireland). Appendix (E.) (Majesty\u2019s Stationary Office 1836)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Scott C. Warinner. Project PXD015003. Proteomics Identifications (PRIDE) Archive. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.6019\/PXD015002. Deposited 13 August 2019.","DOI":"10.6019\/PXD015002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","first-page":"20180977","article-title":"Proteomic evidence of dietary sources in ancient dental calculus","volume":"285","author":"Hendy J.","year":"2018","unstructured":"J. Hendy ., Proteomic evidence of dietary sources in ancient dental calculus. Proc. Biol. Sci. 285, 20180977 (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","volume-title":"Mapping the Great Irish Famine: A Survey of the Famine Decades","author":"Kennedy L.","year":"1999","unstructured":"L. Kennedy, P. S. Ell, E. M. Crawford, L. A. Clarkson, Mapping the Great Irish Famine: A Survey of the Famine Decades (Four Courts Press, 1999)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","first-page":"475","article-title":"On the agriculture of the county of Kilkenny","volume":"9","year":"1839","unstructured":"D, On the agriculture of the county of Kilkenny. Q. J. Agric. 9, 475\u2013495 (1839).","journal-title":"Q. J. Agric."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","volume-title":"Statistical Observations Relative to the County of Kilkenny, Made in the Years 1800 & 1801","author":"Tighe W.","year":"1802","unstructured":"W. Tighe, Statistical Observations Relative to the County of Kilkenny, Made in the Years 1800 & 1801 (Graisberry and Campbell, 1802)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","volume-title":"The Parliamentary Gazetteer of Ireland, Adapted to the New Poor-Law, Franchise, Municipal and Ecclesiastical Arrangements, and Compiled with a Special Reference to the Lines of Railroad and Canal Communication, as Existing in 1844\u201345; Illustrated by a Series of Maps, and Other Plates; and Presenting the Results, in Detail, of the Census of 1841, Compared with That of 1831","author":"Anonymous","year":"1846","unstructured":"Anonymous, The Parliamentary Gazetteer of Ireland, Adapted to the New Poor-Law, Franchise, Municipal and Ecclesiastical Arrangements, and Compiled with a Special Reference to the Lines of Railroad and Canal Communication, as Existing in 1844\u201345; Illustrated by a Series of Maps, and Other Plates; and Presenting the Results, in Detail, of the Census of 1841, Compared with That of 1831 (A. Fullarton and Co., 1846), vol. 2."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","unstructured":"Board of Guardians The Kilkenny and Leinster Commercial and Literary Advertiser 13 December 1848."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","unstructured":"Kilkenny Union Board of Guardians \u201cMinutes of Kilkenny Union Board of Guardians meeting 5 October\u201d (Kilkenny County Library Local Studies 1842)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","volume-title":"The Diary of an Irish Countryman 1827\u20131835. A Translation of C\u00edn Lae Amhlaoibh","author":"de Bhaldraithe T.","year":"1979","unstructured":"T. de Bhaldraithe, The Diary of an Irish Countryman 1827\u20131835. A Translation of C\u00edn Lae Amhlaoibh (Mercier Press, 1979)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0160065","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160065","article-title":"The Great Irish Famine: Identifying starvation in the tissues of victims using stable isotope analysis of bone and incremental dentine collagen","volume":"11","author":"Beaumont J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"J. Beaumont, J. Montgomery, The Great Irish Famine: Identifying starvation in the tissues of victims using stable isotope analysis of bone and incremental dentine collagen. PLoS One 11, e0160065 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2012.05.044","article-title":"Stone-boiling maize with limestone: Experimental results and implications for nutrition among SE Utah preceramic groups","volume":"40","author":"Ellwood E. C.","year":"2013","unstructured":"E. C. Ellwood, M. P. Scott, W. D. Lipe, R. G. Matson, J. G. Jones, Stone-boiling maize with limestone: Experimental results and implications for nutrition among SE Utah preceramic groups. J. Archaeol. Sci. 40, 35\u201344 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Irish Population, Economy, and Society","author":"Crawford E. M.","year":"1981","unstructured":"E. M. Crawford, \u201cIndian meal and pellagra in nineteenth-century Ireland\u201d in Irish Population, Economy, and Society, J. M. Goldstrom, L. A. Clarkson, Eds. (Essays in Honour of the Late K. H. Connell, Clarendon Press, 1981), pp. 113\u2013133."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","first-page":"271","article-title":"Swelling and gelatinization of oat starches","volume":"73","author":"Tester R. F.","year":"1996","unstructured":"R. F. Tester, J. Karkalas, Swelling and gelatinization of oat starches. Cereal Chem. 73, 271\u2013277 (1996).","journal-title":"Cereal Chem."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/star.201300238","article-title":"Production, structure, physicochemical and functional properties of maize, cassava, wheat, potato and rice starches","volume":"67","author":"Waterschoot J.","year":"2015","unstructured":"J. Waterschoot, S. V. Gomand, E. Fierens, J. A. Delcour, Production, structure, physicochemical and functional properties of maize, cassava, wheat, potato and rice starches. Starke 67, 14\u201329 (2015).","journal-title":"Starke"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","first-page":"101866","article-title":"Micro-fossil analysis of Mesolithic human dental calculus, Motala, Sweden\u2013Indications of health status and paleo-diet","volume":"67","author":"Norstr\u00f6m E.","year":"2019","unstructured":"E. Norstr\u00f6m, R. Gustavsson, F. Molin, S. Gummesson, Micro-fossil analysis of Mesolithic human dental calculus, Motala, Sweden\u2013Indications of health status and paleo-diet. J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep. 67, 101866 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1484\/M.HDL-EB.5.109548","volume-title":"Objects, Environment, and Everyday Life in Medieval Europe","author":"Radini A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"A. Radini, E. Nikita, L. M. Shillito, \u201cHuman dental calculus and a medieval urban environment\u201d in Objects, Environment, and Everyday Life in Medieval Europe, B. Jervis, L. G. Broderick, I. G. Sologestoa, Eds. (Brepols Publishers, 2016), pp. 297\u2013313."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gelatinization temperature of potato starch at the equilibrium state","volume":"48","author":"Shiotsubo T.","year":"1984","unstructured":"T. Shiotsubo, Gelatinization temperature of potato starch at the equilibrium state. Agric. Biol. Chem. 48, 1\u20137 (1984).","journal-title":"Agric. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/star.201400071","article-title":"Starch gelatinization and its complexity for analysis","volume":"67","author":"Schirmer M.","year":"2015","unstructured":"M. Schirmer, M. Jekle, T. Becker, Starch gelatinization and its complexity for analysis. Starke 67, 30\u201341 (2015).","journal-title":"Starke"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","unstructured":"W. Wilde The food of the Irish. Dublin Univ. Mag. 43 127\u2013146 (1854)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","volume-title":"British Farming: A Description of the Mixed Husbandry of Great Britain","author":"Wilson J.","year":"1862","unstructured":"J. Wilson, British Farming: A Description of the Mixed Husbandry of Great Britain (Adam and Charles Black, 1862)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","unstructured":"Irish Folklore Commission\/Department of Education and the National Irish Teacher\u2019s Organisation \u201c\u2018Famine times \u2019 told by an unknown informant Paulstown Co. Kilkenny\u201d in Schools\u2019 Folklore Collection (National Folklore Collection University College Dublin 1937\u20131938) vol. 0861 p. 396."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","volume-title":"England in 1835: Being a Series of Letters Written to Friends in Germany, during a Residence in London and Excursions into the Provinces","author":"von Raumer F.","year":"1836","unstructured":"F. von Raumer, England in 1835: Being a Series of Letters Written to Friends in Germany, during a Residence in London and Excursions into the Provinces (Carey, Lea, and Blanchard) 1836)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","unstructured":"Irish Folklore Commission\/Department of Education and the National Irish Teacher\u2019s Organisation \u201c\u2018The Famine \u2019 told by Mr Thomas Cuddihy (50 years) Pilltown Co. Kilkenny to Mr John Ryan (12 years) Pilltown Co. Kilkenny\u201d in Schools\u2019 Folklore Collection (National Folklore Collection University College Dublin 1937\u20131938) vol. 0842 p. 259."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","unstructured":"Irish Folklore Commission\/Department of Education and the National Irish Teacher\u2019s Organisation \u201c\u2018Knocktopher \u2019 told by Fr Dwyer Knocktopher Co. Kilkenny to L. Geoghegan Knocktopher Co. Kilkenny\u201d in Schools\u2019 Folklore Collection (National Folklore Collection University College Dublin 1937\u20131938) vol. 0848 pp. 304\u2013322."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","unstructured":"Irish Folklore Commission\/Department of Education and the National Irish Teacher\u2019s Organisation \u201cHistoric\u2013Famine period\u2013Black \u201847 \u2019 told by Mr. Denis Carroll (60 years) Templemartin Co. Kilkenny\u201d in Schools\u2019 Folklore Collection (National Folklore Collection University College Dublin 1937\u20131938) vol. 0859 pp. 373\u2013374."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","unstructured":"C. I. Johnstone \u201cTrue Tales of the Irish Peasantry as Related by Themselves\u201d Selected from the Report of the Poor Law Commissioners (William Tait 1836)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","unstructured":"Anonymous News of the week. Ireland. Commencement of crop-lifting. The Economist Weekly Commercial Times Bankers\u2019 Gazette and Railway Monitor: A Political Literary and General Newspaper 8 937\u2013938 (1850)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","unstructured":"Food riots in Kilkenny. Morning Advertiser 12 June 1848."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","first-page":"32","article-title":"Food exports from Ireland 1846\u201347","volume":"5","author":"Kinealy C.","year":"1997","unstructured":"C. Kinealy, Food exports from Ireland 1846\u201347. Hist. Irel. 5, 32\u201336 (1997).","journal-title":"Hist. Irel."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","volume-title":"Was Ireland a Colony? Economics, Politics, and Culture in Nineteenth-Century Ireland","author":"McDonough T.","year":"2005","unstructured":"T. McDonough, Ed., Was Ireland a Colony? Economics, Politics, and Culture in Nineteenth-Century Ireland (Irish Academic Press, 2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","volume-title":"\u2018The Visitation of God\u2019? The Potato and the Great Irish Famine","author":"Bourke A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"A. Bourke, \u2018The Visitation of God\u2019? The Potato and the Great Irish Famine, J. Hill, C. \u00d3. Gr\u00e1da, Eds. (Lilliput Press, 1993)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","volume-title":"Report on the Irish Coercion Bill, the Causes of Discontent in Ireland, Condition of the People, Comparative Criminality with England, Remedial Measures, Etc. Etc","author":"Ray T. M.","year":"1846","unstructured":"T. M. Ray, Report on the Irish Coercion Bill, the Causes of Discontent in Ireland, Condition of the People, Comparative Criminality with England, Remedial Measures, Etc. Etc (J. Browne, 1846)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","first-page":"461","article-title":"EDTA decalcification of dental calculus as an alternative means of microparticle extraction from archaeological samples","volume":"14","author":"Tromp M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"M. Tromp, H. Buckley, J. Geber, E. Matisoo-Smith, EDTA decalcification of dental calculus as an alternative means of microparticle extraction from archaeological samples. J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep. 14, 461\u2013466 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","volume-title":"Ancient Starch Research","author":"Torrence R.","year":"2006","unstructured":"R. Torrence, H. Barton, Eds., Ancient Starch Research (Left Coast Press, 2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2007.12.005","article-title":"Using plant microfossils from dental calculus to recover human diet: A case study from Tell al-Raq\u0101\u2019I, Syria","volume":"35","author":"Henry A. G.","year":"2008","unstructured":"A. G. Henry, D. R. Piperno, Using plant microfossils from dental calculus to recover human diet: A case study from Tell al-Raq\u0101\u2019I, Syria. J. Archaeol. Sci. 35, 1943\u20131950 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","first-page":"79","article-title":"Starch analysis reveals starchy foods and food processing from Finnish archaeological artefacts","volume":"31","author":"Juhola T.","year":"2014","unstructured":"T. Juhola, H. Etu-Sihvola, T. N\u00e4reoja, J. Ruohonen, Starch analysis reveals starchy foods and food processing from Finnish archaeological artefacts. Fennosc. Archaeol. 31, 79\u2013100 (2014).","journal-title":"Fennosc. Archaeol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00048201","article-title":"New evidence for the processing of wild ceral grains at Ohalo II, a 23 000-year-old campsite on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, Israel","volume":"86","author":"Nadel D.","year":"2012","unstructured":"D. Nadel, D. R. Piperno, I. Holst, A. Snir, E. Weiss, New evidence for the processing of wild ceral grains at Ohalo II, a 23 000-year-old campsite on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, Israel. Antiquity 86, 990\u20131003 (2012).","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02734","article-title":"Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysis","volume":"430","author":"Piperno D. R.","year":"2004","unstructured":"D. R. Piperno, E. Weiss, I. Holst, D. Nadel, Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysis. Nature 430, 670\u2013673 (2004).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2013.04.004","article-title":"Identification of ancient starch grains from the tribe Triticeae in the North China Plain","volume":"40","author":"Yang X.","year":"2013","unstructured":"X. Yang, L. Perry, Identification of ancient starch grains from the tribe Triticeae in the North China Plain. J. Archaeol. Sci. 40, 3170\u20133177 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2012.11.018","article-title":"Starch grain analysis of stone knives from Changning site, Qinghai Province, Northwest China","volume":"40","author":"Li M.","year":"2013","unstructured":"M. Li, X. Yang, Q. Ge, X. Ren, Z. Wan, Starch grain analysis of stone knives from Changning site, Qinghai Province, Northwest China. J. Archaeol. Sci. 40, 1667\u20131672 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0510-x","article-title":"A guide to ancient protein studies","volume":"2","author":"Hendy J.","year":"2018","unstructured":"J. Hendy ., A guide to ancient protein studies. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 791\u2013799 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","unstructured":"Irish agitation and destitution. The Pictorial Times 22 August 1846."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1908839116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1908839116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T16:08:59Z","timestamp":1654618139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1908839116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1908839116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1908839116","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-09-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}