{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:43:40Z","timestamp":1787168620224,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":182,"URL":"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/aboutpnas\/licenses.xhtml"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSF EAGER","award":["1838291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1838291"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The diversity in the organization of the tracheal system is one of the drivers of insect evolutionary success; however, the genetic mechanisms responsible are yet to be elucidated. Here, we highlight the advantages of utilizing hemimetabolous insects, such as the milkweed bug\n                    <jats:italic>Oncopeltus fasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , in which the final adult tracheal patterning can be directly inferred by examining its blueprint in embryos. By reporting the expression patterns, functions, and Hox gene regulation of\n                    <jats:italic>trachealess (trh<\/jats:italic>\n                    ),\n                    <jats:italic>ventral veinless<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>vvl<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and\n                    <jats:italic>cut<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>ct<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), key genes involved in tracheal development, this study provides important insights. First, Hox genes function as activators, modifiers, and suppressors of\n                    <jats:italic>trh<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression, which in turn results in a difference between the thoracic and abdominal tracheal organization. Second, spiracle morphogenesis requires the input of both\n                    <jats:italic>trh<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>ct<\/jats:italic>\n                    , where\n                    <jats:italic>ct<\/jats:italic>\n                    is positively regulated by\n                    <jats:italic>trh<\/jats:italic>\n                    . As Hox genes regulate\n                    <jats:italic>trh<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we can now mechanistically explain the previous observations of their effects on spiracle formation. Third, the default state of\n                    <jats:italic>vvl<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in the thorax, in the absence of Hox gene expression, features three lateral cell clusters connected to ducts. Fourth, the exocrine scent glands express\n                    <jats:italic>vvl<\/jats:italic>\n                    and are regulated by Hox genes. These results extend previous findings [S\u00e1nchez-Higueras et al., 2014], suggesting that the exocrine glands, similar to the endocrine, develop from the same primordia that give rise to the trachea. The presence of such versatile primordia in the miracrustacean ancestor could account for the similar gene networks found in the glandular and respiratory organs of both insects and crustaceans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1908975117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T20:24:52Z","timestamp":1581366292000},"page":"4252-4261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A hemipteran insect reveals new genetic mechanisms and evolutionary insights into tracheal system development"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"Hanna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Popadi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","first-page":"609","volume-title":"The development of Drosophila Melanogaster","author":"Manning G.","year":"1993","unstructured":"G. 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