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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Gender is one of the central categories organizing children\u2019s social world. Clear patterns of gender development have been well-documented among cisgender children (i.e., children who identify as a gender that is typically associated with their sex assigned at birth). We present a comprehensive study of gender development (e.g., gender identity and gender expression) in a cohort of 3- to 12-y-old transgender children (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 317) who, in early childhood, are identifying and living as a gender different from their assigned sex. Four primary findings emerged. First, transgender children strongly identify as members of their current gender group and show gender-typed preferences and behaviors that are strongly associated with their current gender, not the gender typically associated with their sex assigned at birth. Second, transgender children\u2019s gender identity (i.e., the gender they feel they are) and gender-typed preferences generally did not differ from 2 comparison groups: cisgender siblings (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 189) and cisgender controls (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 316). Third, transgender and cisgender children\u2019s patterns of gender development showed coherence across measures. Finally, we observed minimal or no differences in gender identity or preferences as a function of how long transgender children had lived as their current gender. Our findings suggest that early sex assignment and parental rearing based on that sex assignment do not always define how a child identifies or expresses gender later.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1909367116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]],"date-time":"2019-11-18T20:29:22Z","timestamp":1574108962000},"page":"24480-24485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Similarity in transgender and cisgender children\u2019s gender development"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3418-164X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selin","family":"G\u00fclg\u00f6z","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica J.","family":"Glazier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Enright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lily J.","family":"Durwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne A.","family":"Fast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riley","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chonghui","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6175-1655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Heer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol Lynn","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina R.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","volume-title":"Bodies and Persons: Comparative Perspectives from Africa and Melanesia","author":"Astuti R.","year":"1998","unstructured":"R. Astuti, \u201c\u2018It\u2019s a boy! It\u2019s a girl!\u2019 Reflections on sex and gender in Madagascar and beyond\u201d in Bodies and Persons: Comparative Perspectives from Africa and Melanesia, M. Lambek, A. Strathern, Eds. 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