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U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Many autoimmune diseases are more frequent in females than in males in humans and their mouse models, and sex differences in immune responses have been shown. Despite extensive studies of sex hormones, mechanisms underlying these sex differences remain unclear. Here, we focused on sex chromosomes using the \u201cfour core genotypes\u201d model in C57BL\/6 mice and discovered that the transcriptomes of both autoantigen and anti-CD3\/CD28 stimulated CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T lymphocytes showed higher expression of a cluster of 5 X genes when derived from XY as compared to XX mice. We next determined if higher expression of an X gene in XY compared to XX could be due to parent-of-origin differences in DNA methylation of the X chromosome. We found a global increase in DNA methylation on the X chromosome of paternal as compared to maternal origin. Since DNA methylation usually suppresses gene expression, this result was consistent with higher expression of X genes in XY cells because XY cells always express from the maternal X chromosome. In addition, gene expression analysis of F1 hybrid mice from CAST \u00d7 FVB reciprocal crosses showed preferential gene expression from the maternal X compared to paternal X chromosome, revealing that these parent-of-origin effects are not strain-specific. SJL mice also showed a parent-of-origin effect on DNA methylation and X gene expression; however, which X genes were affected differed from those in C57BL\/6. Together, this demonstrates how parent-of-origin differences in DNA methylation of the X chromosome can lead to sex differences in gene expression during immune responses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1910072116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]],"date-time":"2019-12-10T17:44:20Z","timestamp":1575999860000},"page":"26779-26787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Parent-of-origin differences in DNA methylation of X chromosome genes in T lymphocytes"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Lisa C.","family":"Golden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;"},{"name":"Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuichiro","family":"Itoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriko","family":"Itoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Iyengar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Coit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youstina","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur P.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr H.","family":"Sawalha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;"},{"name":"Center for Computation Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhonda R.","family":"Voskuhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.90","article-title":"Sex differences in immune responses","volume":"16","author":"Klein S. 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