{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:02:16Z","timestamp":1793318536352,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]],"date-time":"2019-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1635312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1635312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1464102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1464102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01HL114476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01HL114476"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The mechanisms underlying degradation of biological cells due to mechanical fatigue are not well understood. Specifically, detrimental effects of fatigue on properties and homeostasis of human red blood cells (RBCs), as they repeatedly deform while traversing microvasculature, have remained largely unexplored. We present a general microfluidics method that incorporates amplitude-modulated electrodeformation to induce static and cyclic mechanical deformation of RBCs. Fatigue of RBCs leads to significantly greater loss of membrane deformability, compared to static deformation under the same maximum load and maximum-load duration. These findings establish unique effects of cyclic mechanical deformation on the properties and function of biological cells. Our work provides a means to assess the mechanical integrity and fatigue damage of RBCs in blood circulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1910336116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]],"date-time":"2019-09-16T20:36:07Z","timestamp":1568666167000},"page":"19828-19834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Mechanical fatigue of human red blood cells"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Yuhao","family":"Qiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5372-385X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Dao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subra","family":"Suresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University, Republic of Singapore 639798;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431;"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511806575"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Fatigue Standards and Fracture Standards","author":"International ASTM","year":"2018","unstructured":"International ASTM, Fatigue Standards and Fracture Standards (International ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511754715"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2007.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/dj4020016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820280706"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euromechsol.2018.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3lc51003d"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/BIR-16120"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002480-200211000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2007.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.92.018102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1311827110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1606751113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"1124","article-title":"Blood velocity and volumetric flow rate in human retinal vessels","volume":"26","author":"Riva C. E.","year":"1985","unstructured":"C. E. Riva, J. E. Grunwald, S. H. Sinclair, B. L. Petrig, Blood velocity and volumetric flow rate in human retinal vessels. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 26, 1124\u20131132 (1985).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000342534"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01666-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2004.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.12657"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.05.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28503-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(85)90272-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(72)86085-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi9010021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703433104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2008.0052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.49.030187.001233"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.6.000118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(78)85395-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(79)85238-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi8040100"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.715448"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1478-3975\/5\/3\/036007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevFluids.2.101101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-010-0232-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2003.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","first-page":"169","article-title":"Nonlinear elastic and viscoelastic deformation of the human red blood cell with optical tweezers","volume":"1","author":"Mills J. P.","year":"2004","unstructured":"J. P. Mills, L. Qie, M. Dao, C. T. Lim, S. Suresh, Nonlinear elastic and viscoelastic deformation of the human red blood cell with optical tweezers. Mech. Chem. Biosyst. 1, 169\u2013180 (2004).","journal-title":"Mech. Chem. Biosyst."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2014.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(68)86484-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(73)85983-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1051-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V41.5.653.653"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1424111112"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11340-018-00444-5"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1910336116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1910336116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T04:54:47Z","timestamp":1649825687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1910336116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1910336116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1910336116","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-09-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}