{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:43:39Z","timestamp":1781106219060,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005966","name":"Leakey Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005966","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001388","name":"Wenner-Gren Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001388","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003339","name":"MINECO | Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGL2017-82654-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2017-82654-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Oreopithecus bambolii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (8.3\u20136.7 million years old) is the latest known hominoid from Europe, dating to approximately the divergence time of the\n                    <jats:italic>Pan<\/jats:italic>\n                    -hominin lineages. Despite being the most complete nonhominin hominoid in the fossil record, the\n                    <jats:italic>O. bambolii<\/jats:italic>\n                    skeleton IGF 11778 has been, for decades, at the center of intense debate regarding the species\u2019 locomotor behavior, phylogenetic position, insular paleoenvironment, and utility as a model for early hominin anatomy. Here we investigate features of the IGF 11778 pelvis and lumbar region based on torso preparations and supplemented by other\n                    <jats:italic>O. bambolii<\/jats:italic>\n                    material. We correct several crucial interpretations relating to the IGF 11778 anterior inferior iliac spine and lumbar vertebrae structure and identifications. We find that features of the early hominin\n                    <jats:italic>Ardipithecus ramidus<\/jats:italic>\n                    torso that are argued to have permitted both lordosis and pelvic stabilization during upright walking are not present in\n                    <jats:italic>O. bambolii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . However,\n                    <jats:italic>O. bambolii<\/jats:italic>\n                    also lacks the complete reorganization for torso stiffness seen in extant great apes (i.e., living members of the Hominidae), and is more similar to large hylobatids in certain aspects of torso form. We discuss the major implications of the\n                    <jats:italic>O. bambolii<\/jats:italic>\n                    lower torso anatomy and how\n                    <jats:italic>O. bambolii<\/jats:italic>\n                    informs scenarios of hominoid evolution.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1911896116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T20:35:55Z","timestamp":1577133355000},"page":"278-284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Insights into the lower torso in late Miocene hominoid\n                    <i>Oreopithecus bambolii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8444-0553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley S.","family":"Hammond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024;"},{"name":"New York Consortium of Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY 10024;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8923-5428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Rook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paleo[Fab]Lab, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universit\u00e0 di Firenze, 50121 Florence, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisha D.","family":"Anaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Cioppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geologia e Paleontologia, Museo di Storia Naturale, Universit\u00e0 di Firenze, 50121 Florence, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lo\u00efc","family":"Costeur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvador","family":"Moy\u00e0-Sol\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;"},{"name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Alm\u00e9cija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024;"},{"name":"New York Consortium of Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY 10024;"},{"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2011.03.010","article-title":"Magnetostratigraphy of the Late Miocene Baccinello\u2013Cinigiano basin (Tuscany, Italy) and the age of Oreopithecus bambolii faunal assemblages","volume":"305","author":"Rook L.","year":"2011","unstructured":"L. Rook, O. Oms, M. G. Benvenuti, M. Papini, Magnetostratigraphy of the Late Miocene Baccinello\u2013Cinigiano basin (Tuscany, Italy) and the age of Oreopithecus bambolii faunal assemblages. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 305, 286\u2013294 (2011).","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"146","volume-title":"The Classification of Oreopithecus. Classification and Human Evolution","author":"Straus W. L.","year":"1963","unstructured":"W. L. Straus, The Classification of Oreopithecus. Classification and Human Evolution, S. L. Washburn, Ed. (Aldine, Chicago, 1963), pp. 146\u2013177."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1159\/000155421","article-title":"Rumpfskelettl\u00e4nge, Allometrien und K\u00f6rperproportionen bei catarrhinen Primaten. [in German]","volume":"17","author":"Biegert J.","year":"1972","unstructured":"J. Biegert, R. Maurer, Rumpfskelettl\u00e4nge, Allometrien und K\u00f6rperproportionen bei catarrhinen Primaten. [in German]. Folia Primatol. (Basel) 17, 142\u2013156 (1972).","journal-title":"Folia Primatol. (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The phylogenetic position of Oreopithecus and its significance in the origin of the Hominoidea","volume":"2881","author":"Sarmiento E. E.","year":"1987","unstructured":"E. E. Sarmiento, The phylogenetic position of Oreopithecus and its significance in the origin of the Hominoidea. Am. Mus. Novit. 2881, 1\u201344 (1987).","journal-title":"Am. Mus. Novit."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","first-page":"233","article-title":"Body size and proportions of the locomotor skeleton in Oreopithecus bambolii","volume":"66","author":"Stern J.","year":"1985","unstructured":"J. Stern, W. Jungers, Body size and proportions of the locomotor skeleton in Oreopithecus bambolii. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 66, 233 (1985).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","first-page":"235","volume-title":"Origine(s) de la bip\u00e9die chez les hominid\u00e9s","author":"Harrison T.","year":"1991","unstructured":"T. Harrison, \u201cThe implications of Oreopithecus bambolii for the origins of bipedalism\u201d in Origine(s) de la bip\u00e9die chez les hominid\u00e9s, Y. Coppens, B. Senut, Eds. (Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 1991), pp. 235\u2013244."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11747","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.21.11747","article-title":"Ape-like or hominid-like? The positional behavior of Oreopithecus bambolii reconsidered","volume":"94","author":"K\u00f6hler M.","year":"1997","unstructured":"M. K\u00f6hler, S. Moy\u00e0-Sol\u00e0, Ape-like or hominid-like? The positional behavior of Oreopithecus bambolii reconsidered. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 11747\u201311750 (1997).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8795","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.15.8795","article-title":"Oreopithecus was a bipedal ape after all: Evidence from the iliac cancellous architecture","volume":"96","author":"Rook L.","year":"1999","unstructured":"L. Rook, L. Bondioli, M. K\u00f6hler, S. Moy\u00e0-Sol\u00e0, R. Macchiarelli, Oreopithecus was a bipedal ape after all: Evidence from the iliac cancellous architecture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 8795\u20138799 (1999).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2013.05.004","article-title":"Reevaluation of the lumbosacral region of Oreopithecus bambolii","volume":"65","author":"Russo G. A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"G. A. Russo, L. J. Shapiro, Reevaluation of the lumbosacral region of Oreopithecus bambolii. J. Hum. Evol. 65, 253\u2013265 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","first-page":"9","article-title":"Fossil evidence of the evolution of the erect, bipedal posture","volume":"25","author":"Straus W. L.","year":"1962","unstructured":"W. L. StrausJr, Fossil evidence of the evolution of the erect, bipedal posture. Clin. Orthop. 25, 9\u201319 (1962).","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","first-page":"136","article-title":"Einige Beobachtungen und Masse am Skelett von Oreopithecus: Im Vergleich mit anderen catarrhinen Primaten","volume":"50","author":"Schultz A. H.","year":"1960","unstructured":"A. H. Schultz, Einige Beobachtungen und Masse am Skelett von Oreopithecus: Im Vergleich mit anderen catarrhinen Primaten. Z. Morphol. Anthropol. 50, 136\u2013149 (1960).","journal-title":"Z. Morphol. Anthropol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","first-page":"523","article-title":"A new Oreopithecus skeleton","volume":"128","author":"Straus W. L.","year":"1958","unstructured":"W. L. Straus, A new Oreopithecus skeleton. Science 128, 523 (1958).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(86)80073-2","article-title":"A reassessment of the phylogenetic relationships of Oreopithecus bambolii gervais","volume":"15","author":"Harrison T.","year":"1986","unstructured":"T. Harrison, A reassessment of the phylogenetic relationships of Oreopithecus bambolii gervais. J. Hum. Evol. 15, 541\u2013583 (1986).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0075-3_16","volume-title":"Function, Phylogeny, and Fossils: Miocene Hominoid Evolution and Adaptations","author":"Harrison T.","year":"1997","unstructured":"T. Harrison, L. Rook, \u201cEnigmatic anthropoid or misunderstood ape? The phylogenetic status of Oreopithecus bambolii reconsidered\u201d in Function, Phylogeny, and Fossils: Miocene Hominoid Evolution and Adaptations, D. R. Begun, C. V. Ward, M. D. Rose, Eds. (Plenum Press, New York, 1997), pp. 327\u2013362."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(86)80071-9","article-title":"An anthropoid enigma: Historical introduction to the study of Oreopithecus bambolii","volume":"15","author":"Delson E.","year":"1986","unstructured":"E. Delson, An anthropoid enigma: Historical introduction to the study of Oreopithecus bambolii. J. Hum. Evol. 15, 523\u2013531 (1986).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","first-page":"141","article-title":"The phylogenetic relationships of Oreopithecus bambolii Gervais, 1872","volume":"324","author":"Moy\u00e0-Sol\u00e0 S.","year":"1997","unstructured":"S. Moy\u00e0-Sol\u00e0, M. K\u00f6hler, The phylogenetic relationships of Oreopithecus bambolii Gervais, 1872. C R Acad Sci Paris 324, 141\u2013148 (1997).","journal-title":"C R Acad Sci Paris"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1184148","article-title":"Comment on the paleobiology and classification of Ardipithecus ramidus","volume":"328","author":"Sarmiento E. E.","year":"2010","unstructured":"E. E. Sarmiento, Comment on the paleobiology and classification of Ardipithecus ramidus. Science 328, 1105, author reply 1105 (2010).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","first-page":"1105","article-title":"Response to comment on the paleobiology and classification of Ardipithecus ramidus","volume":"328","author":"White T. D.","year":"2010","unstructured":"T. D. White, G. Suwa, C. O. Lovejoy, Response to comment on the paleobiology and classification of Ardipithecus ramidus. Science 328, 1105 (2010).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4877","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1403659111","article-title":"Neither chimpanzee nor human, Ardipithecus reveals the surprising ancestry of both","volume":"112","author":"White T. D.","year":"2015","unstructured":"T. D. White, C. O. Lovejoy, B. Asfaw, J. P. Carlson, G. Suwa, Neither chimpanzee nor human, Ardipithecus reveals the surprising ancestry of both. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, 4877\u20134884 (2015).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09709","article-title":"The evolutionary context of the first hominins","volume":"470","author":"Wood B.","year":"2011","unstructured":"B. Wood, T. Harrison, The evolutionary context of the first hominins. Nature 470, 347\u2013352 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Oreopithecus bambolii Gervais, a preliminary report, Verh. naturf","volume":"69","author":"H\u00fcrzeler J.","year":"1958","unstructured":"J. H\u00fcrzeler, Oreopithecus bambolii Gervais, a preliminary report, Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel 69, 1\u201347 (1958).","journal-title":"Ges. Basel"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","first-page":"345","article-title":"Oreopithecus bambolii","volume":"126","author":"Straus W. L.","year":"1957","unstructured":"W. L. Straus, Oreopithecus bambolii. Science 126, 345\u2013346 (1957).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175833","article-title":"The great divides: Ardipithecus ramidus reveals the postcrania of our last common ancestors with African apes","volume":"326","author":"Lovejoy C. O.","year":"2009","unstructured":"C. O. Lovejoy, G. Suwa, S. W. Simpson, J. H. Matternes, T. D. White, The great divides: Ardipithecus ramidus reveals the postcrania of our last common ancestors with African apes. Science 326, 100\u2013106 (2009).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175831","article-title":"The pelvis and femur of Ardipithecus ramidus: The emergence of upright walking","volume":"326","author":"Lovejoy C. O.","year":"2009","unstructured":"C. O. Lovejoy, G. Suwa, L. Spurlock, B. Asfaw, T. D. White, The pelvis and femur of Ardipithecus ramidus: The emergence of upright walking. Science 326, 71\u201371e6 (2009).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175802","article-title":"Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of early hominids","volume":"326","author":"White T. D.","year":"2009","unstructured":"T. D. White ., Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of early hominids. Science 326, 75\u201386 (2009).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23545","article-title":"Lower ilium evolution in apes and hominins","volume":"300","author":"Hammond A. S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"A. S. Hammond, S. Alm\u00e9cija, Lower ilium evolution in apes and hominins. Anat. Rec. (Hoboken) 300, 828\u2013844 (2017).","journal-title":"Anat. Rec. (Hoboken)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3888","article-title":"The femur of Orrorin tugenensis exhibits morphometric affinities with both Miocene apes and later hominins","volume":"4","author":"Alm\u00e9cija S.","year":"2013","unstructured":"S. Alm\u00e9cija ., The femur of Orrorin tugenensis exhibits morphometric affinities with both Miocene apes and later hominins. Nat. Commun. 4, 2888 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2019.102645","article-title":"A late Miocene hominoid partial pelvis from Hungary","volume":"136","author":"Ward C. V.","year":"2019","unstructured":"C. V. Ward, A. S. Hammond, J. M. Plavcan, D. R. Begun, A late Miocene hominoid partial pelvis from Hungary. J. Hum. Evol. 136, 102645 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7273","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7273","article-title":"Large pelvic tubercle in orangutans relates to the adductor longus muscle","volume":"7","author":"Shearer B. M.","year":"2019","unstructured":"B. M. Shearer, M. Muchlinski, A. S. Hammond, Large pelvic tubercle in orangutans relates to the adductor longus muscle. PeerJ 7, e7273 (2019).","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22049","article-title":"Placement of the diaphragmatic vertebra in catarrhines: Implications for the evolution of dorsostability in hominoids and bipedalism in hominins","volume":"148","author":"Williams S. A.","year":"2012","unstructured":"S. A. Williams, Placement of the diaphragmatic vertebra in catarrhines: Implications for the evolution of dorsostability in hominoids and bipedalism in hominins. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 148, 111\u2013122 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.2002.0595","article-title":"Vertebrae numbers of the early hominid lumbar spine","volume":"43","author":"Haeusler M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"M. Haeusler, S. A. Martelli, T. Boeni, Vertebrae numbers of the early hominid lumbar spine. J. Hum. Evol. 43, 621\u2013643 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1996.0070","article-title":"An analysis of the articular surface distribution of the femoral head and acetabulum in anthropoids, with implications for hip function in Miocene hominoids","volume":"31","author":"MacLatchy L. M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"L. M. MacLatchy, W. H. Bossert, An analysis of the articular surface distribution of the femoral head and acetabulum in anthropoids, with implications for hip function in Miocene hominoids. J. Hum. Evol. 31, 425\u2013453 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22440","article-title":"In vivo baseline measurements of hip joint range of motion in suspensory and nonsuspensory anthropoids","volume":"153","author":"Hammond A. S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"A. S. Hammond, In vivo baseline measurements of hip joint range of motion in suspensory and nonsuspensory anthropoids. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 153, 417\u2013434 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22901","article-title":"Vertebral numbers and human evolution","volume":"159","author":"Williams S. A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"S. A. Williams, E. R. Middleton, C. I. Villamil, M. R. Shattuck, Vertebral numbers and human evolution. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 159 (suppl. 61), S19\u2013S36 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21316","article-title":"The vertebral formula of the last common ancestor of African apes and humans","volume":"314","author":"McCollum M. A.","year":"2010","unstructured":"M. A. McCollum, B. A. Rosenman, G. Suwa, R. S. Meindl, C. O. Lovejoy, The vertebral formula of the last common ancestor of African apes and humans. J. Exp. Zoolog. B Mol. Dev. Evol. 314, 123\u2013134 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zoolog. B Mol. Dev. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.22","article-title":"The anthropoid postcranial axial skeleton: Comments on development, variation, and evolution","volume":"302","author":"Pilbeam D.","year":"2004","unstructured":"D. Pilbeam, The anthropoid postcranial axial skeleton: Comments on development, variation, and evolution. J. Exp. Zoolog. B Mol. Dev. Evol. 302, 241\u2013267 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zoolog. B Mol. Dev. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/jezb.21451","article-title":"Variation in anthropoid vertebral formulae: Implications for homology and homoplasy in hominoid evolution","volume":"318","author":"Williams S. A.","year":"2012","unstructured":"S. A. Williams, Variation in anthropoid vertebral formulae: Implications for homology and homoplasy in hominoid evolution. J. Exp. Zoolog. B Mol. Dev. Evol. 318, 134\u2013147 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zoolog. B Mol. Dev. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","volume-title":"Postcranial Adaptation in Non-Human Primates","author":"Shapiro L. J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"L. J. Shapiro, \u201cFunctional morphology of the vertebral column in primates\u201d in Postcranial Adaptation in Non-Human Primates, D. Gebo, Ed. (Northern Illinois University Press, DeKalb, 1993)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330920306","article-title":"Torso morphology and locomotion in Proconsul nyanzae","volume":"92","author":"Ward C. V.","year":"1993","unstructured":"C. V. Ward, Torso morphology and locomotion in Proconsul nyanzae. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 92, 291\u2013328 (1993).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1420275111","article-title":"A partial hominoid innominate from the Miocene of Pakistan: Description and preliminary analyses","volume":"112","author":"Morgan M. E.","year":"2015","unstructured":"M. E. Morgan ., A partial hominoid innominate from the Miocene of Pakistan: Description and preliminary analyses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, 82\u201387 (2015).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2013.03.002","article-title":"Middle Miocene Pierolapithecus provides a first glimpse into early hominid pelvic morphology","volume":"64","author":"Hammond A. S.","year":"2013","unstructured":"A. S. Hammond, D. M. Alba, S. Alm\u00e9cija, S. Moy\u00e0-Sol\u00e0, Middle Miocene Pierolapithecus provides a first glimpse into early hominid pelvic morphology. J. Hum. Evol. 64, 658\u2013666 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103094","article-title":"Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, a new Middle Miocene great ape from Spain","volume":"306","author":"Moy\u00e0-Sol\u00e0 S.","year":"2004","unstructured":"S. Moy\u00e0-Sol\u00e0, M. K\u00f6hler, D. M. Alba, I. Casanovas-Vilar, J. Galindo, Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, a new Middle Miocene great ape from Spain. Science 306, 1339\u20131344 (2004).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2014.05.009","article-title":"The vertebral remains of the late Miocene great ape Hispanopithecus laietanus from Can Llobateres 2 (Vall\u00e8s-Pened\u00e8s Basin, NE Iberian Peninsula)","volume":"73","author":"Susanna I.","year":"2014","unstructured":"I. Susanna, D. M. Alba, S. Alm\u00e9cija, S. Moy\u00e0-Sol\u00e0, The vertebral remains of the late Miocene great ape Hispanopithecus laietanus from Can Llobateres 2 (Vall\u00e8s-Pened\u00e8s Basin, NE Iberian Peninsula). J. Hum. Evol. 73, 15\u201334 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.2000.0407","article-title":"Postcranial functional morphology of Morotopithecus bishopi, with implications for the evolution of modern ape locomotion","volume":"39","author":"MacLatchy L.","year":"2000","unstructured":"L. MacLatchy, D. Gebo, R. Kityo, D. Pilbeam, Postcranial functional morphology of Morotopithecus bishopi, with implications for the evolution of modern ape locomotion. J. Hum. Evol. 39, 159\u2013183 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330900106","article-title":"Partial skeleton of Proconsul nyanzae from Mfangano Island, Kenya","volume":"90","author":"Ward C. V.","year":"1993","unstructured":"C. V. Ward, A. Walker, M. F. Teaford, I. Odhiambo, Partial skeleton of Proconsul nyanzae from Mfangano Island, Kenya. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 90, 77\u2013111 (1993).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23543","article-title":"Ischial form as an indicator of bipedal kinematics in early hominins: A test using extant anthropoids","volume":"300","author":"Lewton K. L.","year":"2017","unstructured":"K. L. Lewton, J. E. Scott, Ischial form as an indicator of bipedal kinematics in early hominins: A test using extant anthropoids. Anat. Rec. (Hoboken) 300, 845\u2013858 (2017).","journal-title":"Anat. Rec. (Hoboken)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","first-page":"282","article-title":"Rethinking the positional repertoire of Oreopithecus","volume":"28","author":"Wunderlich R. E.","year":"1999","unstructured":"R. E. Wunderlich, A. Walker, W. L. Jungers, Rethinking the positional repertoire of Oreopithecus. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. S28, 282 (1999).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","first-page":"239","article-title":"Die Biomechanik der aufrechten Haltung","volume":"22","author":"Kummer B.","year":"1965","unstructured":"B. Kummer, Die Biomechanik der aufrechten Haltung. Mitt. Naturforsch. Ges. 22, 239\u2013259 (1965).","journal-title":"Mitt. Naturforsch. Ges."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(87)90072-8","article-title":"Body size and morphometric affinities of the appendicular skeleton in Oreopithecus bambolii (IGF 11778)","volume":"16","author":"Jungers W. L.","year":"1987","unstructured":"W. L. Jungers, Body size and morphometric affinities of the appendicular skeleton in Oreopithecus bambolii (IGF 11778). J. Hum. Evol. 16, 445\u2013456 (1987).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0075-3_5","volume-title":"Function, Phylogeny and Fossils: Miocene Hominoid Evolution and Adaptation","author":"Rose M. D.","year":"1997","unstructured":"M. D. Rose, \u201cFunctional and phylogenetic features of the forelimb in Miocene hominoids\u201d in Function, Phylogeny and Fossils: Miocene Hominoid Evolution and Adaptation, D. R. Begun, C. V. Ward, M. D. Rose, Eds. (Plenum Press, New York, 1997), pp. 79\u2013100."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.1.313","article-title":"Evidence of hominid-like precision grip capability in the hand of the Miocene ape Oreopithecus","volume":"96","author":"Moy\u00e1-Sol\u00e1 S.","year":"1999","unstructured":"S. Moy\u00e1-Sol\u00e1, M. K\u00f6hler, L. Rook, Evidence of hominid-like precision grip capability in the hand of the Miocene ape Oreopithecus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 313\u2013317 (1999).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22458","article-title":"The morphology of Oreopithecus bambolii pollical distal phalanx","volume":"153","author":"Alm\u00e9cija S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"S. Alm\u00e9cija, M. Shrewsbury, L. Rook, S. Moy\u00e0-Sol\u00e0, The morphology of Oreopithecus bambolii pollical distal phalanx. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 153, 582\u2013597 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1140799","article-title":"Origin of human bipedalism as an adaptation for locomotion on flexible branches","volume":"316","author":"Thorpe S. K.","year":"2007","unstructured":"S. K. Thorpe, R. L. Holder, R. H. Crompton, Origin of human bipedalism as an adaptation for locomotion on flexible branches. Science 316, 1328\u20131331 (2007).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1188-118","article-title":"Evolution of human walking","volume":"259","author":"Lovejoy C. O.","year":"1988","unstructured":"C. O. Lovejoy, Evolution of human walking. Sci. Am. 259, 118\u2013125 (1988).","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","first-page":"95","article-title":"The natural history of human gait and posture. Part 1. Spine and pelvis","volume":"21","author":"Lovejoy C. O.","year":"2005","unstructured":"C. O. Lovejoy, The natural history of human gait and posture. Part 1. Spine and pelvis. Gait Posture 21, 95\u2013112 (2005).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4134","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1715120115","article-title":"Hip extensor mechanics and the evolution of walking and climbing capabilities in humans, apes, and fossil hominins","volume":"115","author":"Kozma E. E.","year":"2018","unstructured":"E. E. Kozma ., Hip extensor mechanics and the evolution of walking and climbing capabilities in humans, apes, and fossil hominins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 115, 4134\u20134139 (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49521","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049521","article-title":"Macroevolutionary dynamics and historical biogeography of primate diversification inferred from a species supermatrix","volume":"7","author":"Springer M. S.","year":"2012","unstructured":"M. S. Springer ., Macroevolutionary dynamics and historical biogeography of primate diversification inferred from a species supermatrix. PLoS One 7, e49521 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","volume-title":"\u00dcber Pliocen und Eisperiode auf beiden Seiten der Alpen","author":"R\u00fctimeyer L.","year":"1876","unstructured":"L. R\u00fctimeyer, \u00dcber Pliocen und Eisperiode auf beiden Seiten der Alpen (Georg, Basel, 1876)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.20208","article-title":"Nacholapithecus and its importance for understanding hominoid evolution","volume":"18","author":"Nakatsukasa M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"M. Nakatsukasa, Y. Kunimatsu, Nacholapithecus and its importance for understanding hominoid evolution. Evol. Anthropol. 18, 113\u2013119 (2009).","journal-title":"Evol. Anthropol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23425","article-title":"Three-dimensional anatomy of the anthropoid bony pelvis","volume":"166","author":"Ward C. V.","year":"2018","unstructured":"C. V. Ward, S. D. Maddux, E. R. Middleton, Three-dimensional anatomy of the anthropoid bony pelvis. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 166, 3\u201325 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20032","article-title":"Human body mass estimation: A comparison of \u201cmorphometric\u201d and \u201cmechanical\u201d methods","volume":"125","author":"Auerbach B. M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"B. M. Auerbach, C. B. Ruff, Human body mass estimation: A comparison of \u201cmorphometric\u201d and \u201cmechanical\u201d methods. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 125, 331\u2013342 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1202521","article-title":"A partial pelvis of Australopithecus sediba","volume":"333","author":"Kibii J. M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"J. M. Kibii ., A partial pelvis of Australopithecus sediba. Science 333, 1407\u20131411 (2011).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1163592","article-title":"A female Homo erectus pelvis from Gona, Ethiopia","volume":"322","author":"Simpson S. W.","year":"2008","unstructured":"S. W. Simpson ., A female Homo erectus pelvis from Gona, Ethiopia. Science 322, 1089\u20131092 (2008).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22591","article-title":"Calculating hominin and nonhuman anthropoid femoral head diameter from acetabular size","volume":"155","author":"Plavcan J. M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"J. M. Plavcan, A. S. Hammond, C. V. Ward, Calculating hominin and nonhuman anthropoid femoral head diameter from acetabular size. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 155, 469\u2013475 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22990","article-title":"A validated method for modeling anthropoid hip abduction in silico","volume":"160","author":"Hammond A. S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"A. S. Hammond, J. M. Plavcan, C. V. Ward, A validated method for modeling anthropoid hip abduction in silico. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 160, 529\u2013548 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","unstructured":"A. S. Hammond C. V. Ward Data from \u201cBi-iliac breadth for anthropoids.\u201d Figshare. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.11301773.v2. Deposited 2 December 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","unstructured":"A. S. Hammond S. Alm\u00e9cija Data from \u201cLower ilium length in anthropoids.\u201d Figshare. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.11300978.v1. Deposited 30 November 2019."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000045117","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580688000000}}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1911896116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1911896116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]],"date-time":"2024-07-28T23:08:26Z","timestamp":1722208106000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1911896116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1911896116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1911896116","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-12-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}