{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T04:48:49Z","timestamp":1792644529645,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":182,"URL":"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/aboutpnas\/licenses.xhtml"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#CIHR MOP 130287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#CIHR MOP 130287"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000893","name":"Simons Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#573845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#573845"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000893","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000893","name":"Simons Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#205081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#205081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000893","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000073","name":"Autism Speaks","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#1975"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1975"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000073","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000893","name":"Simons Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#367560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#367560"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000893","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A major challenge facing the genetics of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is the large and growing number of candidate risk genes and gene variants of unknown functional significance. Here, we used\n                    <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    to systematically functionally characterize ASD-associated genes in vivo. Using our custom machine vision system, we quantified 26 phenotypes spanning morphology, locomotion, tactile sensitivity, and habituation learning in 135 strains each carrying a mutation in an ortholog of an ASD-associated gene. We identified hundreds of genotype\u2013phenotype relationships ranging from severe developmental delays and uncoordinated movement to subtle deficits in sensory and learning behaviors. We clustered genes by similarity in phenomic profiles and used epistasis analysis to discover parallel networks centered on\n                    <jats:italic>CHD8\u2022chd-7<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>NLGN3\u2022nlg-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    that underlie mechanosensory hyperresponsivity and impaired habituation learning. We then leveraged our data for in vivo functional assays to gauge missense variant effect. Expression of wild-type NLG-1 in\n                    <jats:italic>nlg-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant\n                    <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    rescued their sensory and learning impairments. Testing the rescuing ability of conserved ASD-associated neuroligin variants revealed varied partial loss of function despite proper subcellular localization. Finally, we used CRISPR-Cas9 auxin-inducible degradation to determine that phenotypic abnormalities caused by developmental loss of NLG-1 can be reversed by adult expression. This work charts the phenotypic landscape of ASD-associated genes, offers in vivo variant functional assays, and potential therapeutic targets for ASD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1912049116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]],"date-time":"2019-11-21T21:15:34Z","timestamp":1574370934000},"page":"656-667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Systematic phenomics analysis of autism-associated genes reveals parallel networks underlying reversible impairments in habituation"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Troy A.","family":"McDiarmid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Belmadani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada;"},{"name":"Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Meili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor A.","family":"Mathews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic Models of Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory P.","family":"Mullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Program, Oklahoma City University, Oklahoma City, OK 73106;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ardalan","family":"Hendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan-Rong","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James B.","family":"Rand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic Models of Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104;"},{"name":"Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kota","family":"Mizumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Pavlidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada;"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada;"},{"name":"Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1781-0654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catharine H.","family":"Rankin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada;"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Washington, DC, ed. 5, 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