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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Peripheral nerves contain axons and their enwrapping glia cells named Schwann cells (SCs) that are either myelinating (mySCs) or nonmyelinating (nmSCs). Our understanding of other cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) remains limited. Here, we provide an unbiased single cell transcriptomic characterization of the nondiseased rodent PNS. We identified and independently confirmed markers of previously underappreciated nmSCs and nerve-associated fibroblasts. We also found and characterized two distinct populations of nerve-resident homeostatic myeloid cells that transcriptionally differed from central nervous system microglia. In a model of chronic autoimmune neuritis, homeostatic myeloid cells were outnumbered by infiltrating lymphocytes which modulated the local cell\u2013cell interactome and induced a specific transcriptional response in glia cells. This response was partially shared between the peripheral and central nervous system glia, indicating common immunological features across different parts of the nervous system. Our study thus identifies subtypes and cell-type markers of PNS cells and a partially conserved autoimmunity module induced in glia cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1912139117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T21:05:10Z","timestamp":1586984710000},"page":"9466-9476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["Redefining the heterogeneity of peripheral nerve cells in health and autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Jolien","family":"Wolbert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster 48149, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster 48149, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9568-2790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Heming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster 48149, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne K.","family":"Mausberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg Essen, Essen 45147, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagmar","family":"Akkermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Frydrychowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5323-7958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Fledrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Groeneweg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, Westf\u00e4lische Wilhelms University, M\u00fcnster 48149, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Ludwig Maximilians Universit\u00e4t, M\u00fcnchen 81377, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Stettner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg Essen, Essen 45147, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0533-5216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noelia","family":"Alonso Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, Westf\u00e4lische Wilhelms University, M\u00fcnster 48149, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinz","family":"Wiendl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster 48149, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Stassart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Meyer zu H\u00f6rste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster 48149, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a020529","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020529","article-title":"Schwann cell myelination","volume":"7","author":"Salzer J. 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