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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    remains a major global health threat, disproportionately impacting parts of the world without adequate infrastructure and sanitation resources. In aquatic environments,\n                    <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    exists both as planktonic cells and as biofilms, which are held together by an extracellular matrix.\n                    <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilms have been shown to be hyperinfective, but the mechanism of hyperinfectivity is unclear. Here we show that biofilm-grown cells, irrespective of the surfaces on which they are formed, are able to markedly outcompete planktonic-grown cells in the infant mouse. Using an imaging technique designed to render intestinal tissue optically transparent and preserve the spatial integrity of infected intestines, we reveal and compare three-dimensional\n                    <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    colonization patterns of planktonic-grown and biofilm-grown cells. Quantitative image analyses show that\n                    <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    colonizes mainly the medial portion of the small intestine and that both the abundance and localization patterns of biofilm-grown cells differ from that of planktonic-grown cells. In vitro biofilm-grown cells activate expression of the virulence cascade, including the toxin coregulated pilus (TCP), and are able to acquire the cholera toxin-carrying CTX\u0424 phage. Overall, virulence factor gene expression is also higher in vivo when infected with biofilm-grown cells, and modulation of their regulation is sufficient to cause the biofilm hyperinfectivity phenotype. Together, these results indicate that the altered biogeography of biofilm-grown cells and their enhanced production of virulence factors in the intestine underpin the biofilm hyperinfectivity phenotype.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1916571117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]],"date-time":"2020-04-30T21:35:27Z","timestamp":1588282527000},"page":"11010-11017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Upregulation of virulence genes promotes\n                    <i>Vibrio cholerae<\/i>\n                    biofilm hyperinfectivity"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7818-2244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. L.","family":"Gallego-Hernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. H.","family":"DePas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125.;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. H.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. K.","family":"Teschler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, D-35043 Marburg, Germany;"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Philipps University Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Jeckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, D-35043 Marburg, Germany;"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Philipps University Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7340-2444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Drescher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, D-35043 Marburg, Germany;"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Philipps University Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Beyhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. K.","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125.;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. 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