{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T14:11:50Z","timestamp":1787148710324,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":182,"URL":"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/aboutpnas\/licenses.xhtml"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGS-1547101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS-1547101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGS-1546963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS-1546963"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGS-1546939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS-1546939"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cloud seeding to increase winter snowpack in mountains has traditionally been evaluated using precipitation gauges and target\/control statistics leading mostly to inconclusive results. Here, an approach employing radar and gauges is used to quantify snowfall by first isolating radar returns that are unambiguously the result of cloud seeding in regions with light or no natural precipitation and then quantifying the seeding-induced precipitation at the ground. The spatiotemporal evolution of snowfall from cloud seeding is quantified. Although this study focuses only on three cases, the results are a fundamental step toward understanding cloud seeding efficacy that, for over half a century, has been an unanswered question for water managers wishing to utilize the technology for water resource management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1917204117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]],"date-time":"2020-02-24T20:25:49Z","timestamp":1582575949000},"page":"5190-5195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Quantifying snowfall from orographic cloud seeding"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Katja","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoko","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Applications Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Tessendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Applications Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1993-0585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Rauber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Geerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lulin","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Applications Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy M.","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Applications Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek R.","family":"Blestrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cloud Seeding Group, Idaho Power Company, Boise, ID 83702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melvin L.","family":"Kunkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cloud Seeding Group, Idaho Power Company, Boise, ID 83702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cloud Seeding Group, Idaho Power Company, Boise, ID 83702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaun","family":"Parkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cloud Seeding Group, Idaho Power Company, Boise, ID 83702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1697813"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-18-0341.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"9","article-title":"Another wintertime cloud seeding case study with strong evidence of seeding effects","volume":"39","author":"Huggins A. W.","year":"2007","unstructured":"A. W. Huggins, Another wintertime cloud seeding case study with strong evidence of seeding effects. J. Weather Modif. 39, 9\u201336 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Weather Modif."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1988)027<1166:MEOWCS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"Some physical evidence of AgI and liquid propane seeding effects on Utah\u2019s Wasatch Plateau","volume":"29","author":"Super A. B.","year":"1997","unstructured":"A. B. Super, E. W. Holroyd, III, Some physical evidence of AgI and liquid propane seeding effects on Utah\u2019s Wasatch Plateau. J. Weather Modif. 29, 8\u201332 (1997).","journal-title":"J. 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Puhakka, \u201cOn the dependence of the Z-R relation on the temperature in snowfall\u201d in Preprints, 16th Conference on Radar Meteorology (American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, 1975), pp. 504\u2013507."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-11-0112.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-12-0148.1"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1917204117","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1917204117","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T05:40:49Z","timestamp":1649828449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1917204117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1917204117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1917204117","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-02-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}