{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T07:08:37Z","timestamp":1791443317924,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]],"date-time":"2020-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    HIV-1 proviruses persist in the CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells of HIV-infected individuals despite years of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) with suppression of HIV-1 RNA levels &lt;40 copies\/mL. Greater than 95% of these proviruses detected in circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are referred to as \u201cdefective\u201d by virtue of having large internal deletions and lethal genetic mutations. As these defective proviruses are unable to encode intact and replication-competent viruses, they have long been thought of as biologically irrelevant \u201cgraveyard\u201d of viruses with little significance to HIV-1 pathogenesis. Contrary to this notion, we have recently demonstrated that these defective proviruses are not silent, are capable of transcribing novel unspliced forms of HIV-RNA transcripts with competent open reading frames (ORFs), and can be found in the peripheral blood CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells of patients at all stages of HIV-1 infection. In the present study, by an approach of combining serial dilutions of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells and T cell\u2013cloning technologies, we are able to demonstrate that defective proviruses that persist in HIV-infected individuals during suppressive cART are translationally competent and produce the HIV-1 Gag and Nef proteins. The HIV-RNA transcripts expressed from these defective proviruses may trigger an element of innate immunity. Likewise, the viral proteins coded in the defective proviruses may form extracellular virus-like particles and may trigger immune responses. The persistent production of HIV-1 proteins in the absence of viral replication helps explain persistent immune activation despite HIV-1 levels below detection, and also presents new challenges to HIV-1 eradication.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1917876117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]],"date-time":"2020-02-06T20:04:30Z","timestamp":1581019470000},"page":"3704-3710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":274,"title":["Defective HIV-1 proviruses produce viral proteins"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Hiromi","family":"Imamichi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mindy","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph W.","family":"Adelsberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taisuke","family":"Izumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Scrimieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brad T.","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Rehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomozumi","family":"Imamichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Pau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Catalfamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony S.","family":"Fauci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. 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