{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:31:17Z","timestamp":1790667077331,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bacterial specialized metabolites are increasingly recognized as important factors in animal\u2013microbiome interactions: for example, by providing the host with chemical defenses. Even in chemically rich animals, such compounds have been found to originate from individual members of more diverse microbiomes. Here, we identified a remarkable case of a moderately complex microbiome in the sponge host\n                    <jats:italic>Mycale hentscheli<\/jats:italic>\n                    in which multiple symbionts jointly generate chemical diversity. In addition to bacterial pathways for three distinct polyketide families comprising microtubule-inhibiting peloruside drug candidates, mycalamide-type contact poisons, and the eukaryotic translation-inhibiting pateamines, we identified extensive biosynthetic potential distributed among a broad phylogenetic range of bacteria. Biochemical data on one of the orphan pathways suggest a previously unknown member of the rare polytheonamide-type cytotoxin family as its product. Other than supporting a scenario of cooperative symbiosis based on bacterial metabolites, the data provide a rationale for the chemical variability of\n                    <jats:italic>M. hentscheli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and could pave the way toward biotechnological peloruside production. Most bacterial lineages in the compositionally unusual sponge microbiome were not known to synthesize bioactive metabolites, supporting the concept that microbial dark matter harbors diverse producer taxa with as yet unrecognized drug discovery potential.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1919245117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T17:15:35Z","timestamp":1586884535000},"page":"9508-9518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["A multiproducer microbiome generates chemical diversity in the marine sponge\n                    <i>Mycale hentscheli<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Rust","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8751-3279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric J. N.","family":"Helfrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0491-9618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael F.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN 55108;"},{"name":"BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN 55108;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pakjira","family":"Nanudorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6434-3745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"R\u00fcckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Universit\u00e4t Bielefeld, 33594 Bielefeld, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"K\u00fcndig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3808-5719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture, Coasts and Oceans, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd., 7010 Nelson, New Zealand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria L.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture, Coasts and Oceans, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd., 6021 Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rn","family":"Kalinowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Universit\u00e4t Bielefeld, 33594 Bielefeld, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3065-0314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinichi","family":"Sunagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rn","family":"Piel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2017.02.001","article-title":"Calling all hosts: Bacterial communication in situ","volume":"2","author":"Cleary J. 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