{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:03:33Z","timestamp":1791288213685,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":184,"URL":"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/aboutpnas\/licenses.xhtml"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>How animals adapt their behavior according to regular time intervals between events is not well understood, especially when intervals last several seconds. One possibility is that animals use disembodied internal neuronal representations of time to decide when to initiate a given action at the end of an interval. However, animals rarely remain immobile during time intervals but tend to perform stereotyped behaviors, raising the possibility that motor routines improve timing accuracy. To test this possibility, we used a task in which rats, freely moving on a motorized treadmill, could obtain a reward if they approached it after a fixed interval. Most animals took advantage of the treadmill length and its moving direction to develop, by trial-and-error, the same motor routine whose execution resulted in the precise timing of their reward approaches. Noticeably, when proficient animals did not follow this routine, their temporal accuracy decreased. Then, na\u00efve animals were trained in modified versions of the task designed to prevent the development of this routine. Compared to rats trained in the first protocol, these animals didn\u2019t reach a comparable level of timing accuracy. Altogether, our results indicate that timing accuracy in rats is improved when the environment affords cues that animals can incorporate into motor routines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1921226117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T19:51:36Z","timestamp":1590004296000},"page":"13084-13093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Turning the body into a clock: Accurate timing is facilitated by simple stereotyped interactions with the environment"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6384-8629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa","family":"Safaie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Neurobiologie de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e (INMED), Turing Center for Living Systems, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, 13009 Marseille, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria-Teresa","family":"Jurado-Parras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Neurobiologie de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e (INMED), Turing Center for Living Systems, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, 13009 Marseille, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4793-4452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Sarno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Neurobiologie de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e (INMED), Turing Center for Living Systems, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, 13009 Marseille, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordane","family":"Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Neurobiologie de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e (INMED), Turing Center for Living Systems, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, 13009 Marseille, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corane","family":"Karoutchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Neurobiologie de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e (INMED), Turing Center for Living Systems, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, 13009 Marseille, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovic F.","family":"Petit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Neurobiologie de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e (INMED), Turing Center for Living Systems, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, 13009 Marseille, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthieu O.","family":"Pasquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Neurobiologie de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e (INMED), Turing Center for Living Systems, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, 13009 Marseille, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4114-7263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Eloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche sur les Ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes Hors \u00c9quilibres (IRPHE), Centrale Marseille, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, 13013 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9450-0553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Robbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Neurobiologie de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e (INMED), Turing Center for Living Systems, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, 13009 Marseille, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/lmot.2001.1110"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","volume-title":"The Organization of Learning","author":"Gallistel C. R.","year":"1990","unstructured":"C. R. Gallistel, The Organization of Learning (MIT Press, 1990)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.141"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.3.279"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1984.tb23417.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1764"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3452"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213-115117"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Stevens\u2019 Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience","author":"Kononowicz T. W.","year":"2018","unstructured":"T. W. Kononowicz, H. Van Rijn, W. H. Meck, \u201cTiming and time perception: A critical review of neural timing signatures before, during, and after the to-be-timed interval\u201d in Stevens\u2019 Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience (Wiley, 2018), vol 1, pp. 1\u201338."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0460"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.03.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0135-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-011-0346-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-013-0439-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0042-19.2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055873"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0057705"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(71)90209-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","volume-title":"Time in Animal Behaviour","author":"Richelle M.","year":"1980","unstructured":"M. Richelle, H. Lejeune, Time in Animal Behaviour (Pergamon Press, 1980)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.95.2.274"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.104.2.241"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.110.1.126"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1999.71-215"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892998563815"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Ongoing behavior predicts perceptual report of interval duration","volume":"8","author":"Gouv\u00eaa T. S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"T. S. Gouv\u00eaa, T. Monteiro, S. Soares, B. V. Atallah, J. J. Paton, Ongoing behavior predicts perceptual report of interval duration. Front. Neurorob. 8, 10 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Neurorob."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.03.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3924"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00185-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2272"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0028-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1962.5-473"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav7893"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0502-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00150.2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X19001237"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-6357(98)00050-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-019-01760-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315740218"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3585.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","volume-title":"Radical Embodied Cognitive Science","author":"Chemero A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"A. Chemero, Radical Embodied Cognitive Science (MIT Press, 2011)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1969.12-43"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-10-03870.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5293.1724"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1789-16.2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2018.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.02.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.052"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1159775"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0252-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan8869"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2134"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.1998.712192"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1921226117","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1921226117","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T18:28:28Z","timestamp":1654626508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1921226117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1921226117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1921226117","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/716274","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}