{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:49:12Z","timestamp":1781110152740,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]],"date-time":"2020-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003976","name":"Israel National Institute for Health Policy Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014\/5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003976","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Regions with insufficient vaccination have hindered worldwide poliomyelitis eradication, as they are vulnerable to sporadic outbreaks through reintroduction of the disease. Despite Israel\u2019s having been declared polio-free in 1988, a routine sewage surveillance program detected polio in 2013. To curtail transmission, the Israel Ministry of Health launched a vaccine campaign to vaccinate children\u2014who had only received the inactivated polio vaccine\u2014with the oral polio vaccine (OPV). Determining the degree of prosocial motivation in vaccination behavior is challenging because vaccination typically provides direct benefits to the individual as well as indirect benefits to the community by curtailing transmission. However, the Israel OPV campaign provides a unique and excellent opportunity to quantify and model prosocial vaccination as its primary objective was to avert transmission. Using primary survey data and a game-theoretical model, we examine and quantify prosocial behavior during the OPV campaign. We found that the observed vaccination behavior in the Israeli OPV campaign is attributable to prosocial behavior and heterogeneous perceived risk of paralysis based on the individual\u2019s comprehension of the prosocial nature of the campaign. We also found that the benefit of increasing comprehension of the prosocial nature of the campaign would be limited if even 24% of the population acts primarily from self-interest, as greater vaccination coverage provides no personal utility to them. Our results suggest that to improve coverage, communication efforts should also focus on alleviating perceived fears surrounding the vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1922746117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]],"date-time":"2020-05-26T16:19:39Z","timestamp":1590509979000},"page":"13138-13144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Prosocial polio vaccination in Israel"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1370-8350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chad R.","family":"Wells","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Huppert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Biostatistics &amp; Biomathematics Unit, The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel;"},{"name":"School of Public Health, The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meagan C.","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520;"},{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baruch","family":"Velan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Biostatistics &amp; Biomathematics Unit, The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burton H.","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris T.","family":"Bauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison P.","family":"Galvani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6518a4","article-title":"Progress toward polio eradication \u2013 Worldwide, 2015-2016","volume":"65","author":"Morales M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"M. 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