{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:18:42Z","timestamp":1791087522384,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"19","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Diversity, relatedness, and ecological interactions of toxigenic\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    O1 populations in two distinctive habitats, the human intestine and the aquatic environment, were analyzed. Twenty environmental isolates and 42 clinical isolates were selected for study by matching serotype, geographic location of isolation in Bangladesh, and season of isolation. Genetic profiling was done by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence\u2013PCR, optimized for profiling by using the fully sequenced\n                    <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    El Tor N16961 genome. Five significant clonal clusters of haplotypes were found from 57 electrophoretic types. Isolates from different areas or habitats intermingled in two of the five significant clusters. Frequencies of haplotypes differed significantly only between the environmental populations (exact test;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05). Analysis of molecular variance yielded a population genetic structure reflecting the differentiating effects of geographic area, habitat, and sampling time. Although a parameter confounding the latter differences explained 9% of the total molecular variance in the entire population (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.01), the net effect of habitat and time could not be separated because of the small number of environmental isolates included in the study. Five subpopulations from a single area were determined, and from these we were able to estimate a relative differentiating effect of habitat, which was small compared with the effect of temporal change. In conclusion, the resulting population structure supports the hypothesis that spatial and temporal fluctuations in the composition of toxigenic\n                    <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations in the aquatic environment can cause shifts in the dynamics of the disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.192426499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,17]],"date-time":"2002-09-17T12:40:55Z","timestamp":1032266455000},"page":"12409-12414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Genomic profiles of clinical and environmental isolates of\n                    <i>Vibrio cholerae<\/i>\n                    O1 in cholera-endemic areas of Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Young-Gun","family":"Zo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21202; Biometrics Program, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; and Department of International Health, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irma N. G.","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21202; Biometrics Program, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; and Department of International Health, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estelle","family":"Russek-Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21202; Biometrics Program, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; and Department of International Health, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Sirajul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21202; Biometrics Program, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; and Department of International Health, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. K.","family":"Siddique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21202; Biometrics Program, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; and Department of International Health, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Yunus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21202; Biometrics Program, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; and Department of International Health, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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