{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:19:36Z","timestamp":1786983576346,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]],"date-time":"2020-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":183,"URL":"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/aboutpnas\/licenses.xhtml"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Extreme climate events such as droughts, cold snaps, and hurricanes can be powerful agents of natural selection, producing acute selective pressures very different from the everyday pressures acting on organisms. However, it remains unknown whether these infrequent but severe disruptions are quickly erased by quotidian selective forces, or whether they have the potential to durably shape biodiversity patterns across regions and clades. Here, we show that hurricanes have enduring evolutionary impacts on the morphology of anoles, a diverse Neotropical lizard clade. We first demonstrate a transgenerational effect of extreme selection on toepad area for two populations struck by hurricanes in 2017. Given this short-term effect of hurricanes, we then asked whether populations and species that more frequently experienced hurricanes have larger toepads. Using 70 y of historical hurricane data, we demonstrate that, indeed, toepad area positively correlates with hurricane activity for both 12 island populations of\n                    <jats:italic>Anolis sagrei<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 188\n                    <jats:italic>Anolis<\/jats:italic>\n                    species throughout the Neotropics. Extreme climate events are intensifying due to climate change and may represent overlooked drivers of biogeographic and large-scale biodiversity patterns.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000801117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]],"date-time":"2020-04-27T20:25:04Z","timestamp":1588019104000},"page":"10429-10434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Hurricane effects on Neotropical lizards span geographic and phylogenetic scales"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1096-8536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin M.","family":"Donihue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3194-953X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex M.","family":"Kowaleski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan B.","family":"Losos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130;"},{"name":"Living Earth Collaborative, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam C.","family":"Algar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2189-9548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Baeckens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Morphology Lab, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;"},{"name":"Department of Biological Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6381-8609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert W.","family":"Buchkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7310-1775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Claire","family":"Fabre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4507-181X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah K.","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;"},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8253-6527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Geneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vertebrate Biology, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19103;"},{"name":"Department of Biodiversity, Earth, and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0056-8304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. 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