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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Extreme environments test the limits of life; yet, some organisms thrive in harsh conditions. Extremophile lineages inspire questions about how organisms can tolerate physiochemical stressors and whether the repeated colonization of extreme environments is facilitated by predictable and repeatable evolutionary innovations. We identified the mechanistic basis underlying convergent evolution of tolerance to hydrogen sulfide (H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S)\u2014a toxicant that impairs mitochondrial function\u2014across evolutionarily independent lineages of a fish (\n                    <jats:italic>Poecilia mexicana<\/jats:italic>\n                    , Poeciliidae) from H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S-rich springs. Using comparative biochemical and physiological analyses, we found that mitochondrial function is maintained in the presence of H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S in sulfide spring\n                    <jats:italic>P. mexicana<\/jats:italic>\n                    but not ancestral lineages from nonsulfidic habitats due to convergent adaptations in the primary toxicity target and a major detoxification enzyme. Genome-wide local ancestry analyses indicated that convergent evolution of increased H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S tolerance in different populations is likely caused by a combination of selection on standing genetic variation and de novo mutations. On a macroevolutionary scale, H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S tolerance in 10 independent lineages of sulfide spring fishes across multiple genera of Poeciliidae is correlated with the convergent modification and expression changes in genes associated with H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S toxicity and detoxification. Our results demonstrate that the modification of highly conserved physiological pathways associated with essential mitochondrial processes mediates tolerance to physiochemical stress. In addition, the same pathways, genes, and\u2014in some instances\u2014codons are implicated in H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S adaptation in lineages that span 40 million years of evolution.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004223117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T20:08:40Z","timestamp":1593115720000},"page":"16424-16430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Convergent evolution of conserved mitochondrial pathways underlies repeated adaptation to extreme environments"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7182-7932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Greenway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4641-3647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"Barts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7610-1380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chathurika","family":"Henpita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6100-2470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony P.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8025-5569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lenin","family":"Arias Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Acad\u00e9mica de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Ju\u00e1rez Aut\u00f3noma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, 86150, Mexico;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0472-1350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Bot\u00e1nicas y Zool\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, 10105, Dominican Republic;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Arndt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council - Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gigi Y.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council - Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7441-8210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dingbo","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0670-9291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer H.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7731-605X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna L.","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0326-0890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Tobler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","volume-title":"Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History","author":"Gould S. 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