{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:14:42Z","timestamp":1791429282701,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"30","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) aggravates hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection of liver cells. Although the viruses are evolutionarily unrelated, HDV depends on HBV because it requires the HBV envelope protein for its transmission. HDV is only described in humans, which has triggered diverse hypotheses regarding its evolution and origins. Here we show that spiny rats (\n                    <jats:italic>Proechimys semispinosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) carry a counterpart to HDV that surprisingly does not cause hepatitis and is not linked to HBV. The rodent deltavirus finding alone, but also taken together with the recent deltavirus findings in snakes and other vertebrates and invertebrates, suggests that a deltavirus precursor may have infected mammals before it acquired dependence on HBV as seen in humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006750117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T20:06:12Z","timestamp":1594411572000},"page":"17977-17983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Mammalian deltavirus without hepadnavirus coinfection in the neotropical rodent\n                    <i>Proechimys semispinosus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2608-2596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Paraskevopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8525-8593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Pirzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Goldmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;"},{"name":"National Reference Centre for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, 35392 Giessen, Germany;"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1775-6958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany;"},{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3605-0136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Max","family":"Corman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charit\u00e9, 10117 Berlin, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5518-3957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina Theresa","family":"Gottula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6693-1180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Rasche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charit\u00e9, 10117 Berlin, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9992-5393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doreen","family":"Muth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Felix","family":"Drexler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charit\u00e9, 10117 Berlin, Germany;"},{"name":"Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander Christoph","family":"Heni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany;"},{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg Joachim","family":"Eibner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;"},{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany;"},{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1120-9531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terry C.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;"},{"name":"Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EJ Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel A.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charit\u00e9, 10117 Berlin, Germany;"},{"name":"Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5148-8136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Glebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;"},{"name":"National Reference Centre for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, 35392 Giessen, Germany;"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Drosten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charit\u00e9, 10117 Berlin, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-98-4-437"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.18.12.997"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316601"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6197756"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14299-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/323508a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.232416799"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.9.4569"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.13967"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1209.060112"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.63.4.1612-1618.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25663"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v10120720"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00014-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vez021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-018-4210-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphereDirect.00069-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz305"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.3.1021-1027.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1308049110"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10117-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)70090-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00329044"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03250-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1209.060112"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.01.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.1413"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1323624"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.8.5.16226"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5284.90"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5313.824"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.07.017"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2006750117","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T05:58:34Z","timestamp":1649829514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.2006750117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"30","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2006750117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2006750117","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-07-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}