{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T12:59:55Z","timestamp":1793451595040,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"43","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DA041174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DA041174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24 DA041123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24 DA041123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As the prevalence of pediatric obesity continues to rise, determining neurobiological mechanisms underlying longitudinal childhood weight gain is critically important for informing early intervention and prevention strategies. We use an MRI technique to probe nucleus accumbens (NAcc) tissue microstructure and predict waist circumference after 1 y. We find that increased cell density in the NAcc is strongly associated with obesity in a large cohort of children and predicts future weight gain independent of waist circumference at baseline. These results extend animal studies showing a vicious cycle in which diet-induced neuroinflammation leads to disruption of the brain\u2019s reward circuitry and subsequently promotes further unhealthy eating and weight gain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2007918117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T20:30:37Z","timestamp":1602534637000},"page":"26977-26984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Nucleus accumbens cytoarchitecture predicts weight gain in children"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4682-098X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina M.","family":"Rapuano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6276-6157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Laurent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Donald J.","family":"Hagler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9149-8726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean N.","family":"Hatton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1148-1976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wesley K.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2011-9370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terry L.","family":"Jernigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;"},{"name":"Center for Human Development, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6126-2966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders M.","family":"Dale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2905-9834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. J.","family":"Casey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1026-2293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Watts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization Obesity and overweight. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight. Accessed 24 September 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"C. D. Fryar M. D. Carroll C. L. Ogden \u201cPrevalence of overweight obesity and severe obesity among children and adolescents aged 2\u201319 years: United States 1963\u20131965 through 2015\u20132016\u201d (National Center for Health Statistics Health E-Stat 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2005.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.4.557"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.238"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.07.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.186"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-016-0750-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12334"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.222"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.1.123s"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"2000 CDC Growth Charts for the United States: Methods and development","author":"Kuczmarski R. J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"R. J. Kuczmarski ., 2000 CDC Growth Charts for the United States: Methods and development. Vital Health Stat. 11, 1\u2013190 (2002).","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat. 11"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3586E"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803300"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2010.01054.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21782"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","volume-title":"Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2000","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic, (World Health Organization, 2000)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health Clinical Guidelines on the Identification Evaluation and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report (National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Bethesda 1998) NIH Publication No. 98\u20134083. Available at https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-pro\/guidelines\/archive\/clinical-guidelines-obesity-adults-evidence-report. Accessed 1 March 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.32"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.2.490"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801641"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328302842b"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801401"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","first-page":"385","article-title":"Body fat measurements in children as predictors for the metabolic syndrome: Focus on waist circumference","volume":"65","author":"McCarthy H. D.","year":"2006","unstructured":"H. D. McCarthy, Body fat measurements in children as predictors for the metabolic syndrome: Focus on waist circumference. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 65, 385\u2013392 (2006).","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2012.01031.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.01.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093551"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.06.070"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5958-11.2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797614531492"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.02.071"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605548113"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.84"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015156"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3327"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21454"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03643-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689608900711"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5768-09.2010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.207"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(93)90013-P"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000059"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(03)00233-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/42.5.1133"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1144599"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00253-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-013-0511-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1902-05.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1961.201.3.420"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.09.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.62"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00090"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00576.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59660"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1520"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.043"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90377.2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3725"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2018.1512783"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2017.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","first-page":"226","article-title":"Imaging neuroinflammation\u2013From bench to bedside","volume":"5","author":"Pulli B.","year":"2014","unstructured":"B. Pulli, J. W. Chen, Imaging neuroinflammation\u2013From bench to bedside. J. Clin. Cell. Immunol. 5, 226 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.6b00056"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.53"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2094"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301362"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(00)00014-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511546365.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1062-06.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.5.955"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.08.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199712000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473711104030182"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1161550"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2009.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.44.235.291"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.45.239.13"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2006.19.3.213"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130220"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.4.743"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.4.844"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1813F"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.11.2444"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500877112"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1429.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.68.4.437","article-title":"Leptin in the regulation of immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis","volume":"68","author":"Fantuzzi G.","year":"2000","unstructured":"G. Fantuzzi, R. Faggioni, Leptin in the regulation of immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 68, 437\u2013446 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.12.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M081000"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025537"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.2081"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00610"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1054-139X(93)90004-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13570"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116091"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_108_2","unstructured":"R Core Team R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna 2013). https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_110_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention A SAS Program for the 2000 CDC Growth Charts (Ages 0 to <20 years) (2016) https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nccdphp\/dnpao\/growthcharts\/resources\/sas.htm. (Accessed 1 September 2018)."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2007918117","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2007918117","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T21:04:26Z","timestamp":1669151066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.2007918117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"43","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2007918117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2007918117","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}