{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T23:48:21Z","timestamp":1792712901803,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"20","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Despite the widespread use of bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin\n vaccination,\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection\n remains globally the leading cause of death from a single infectious\n disease. The complicated and often protracted dynamics of infection and\n disease make clinical trials to test new tuberculosis vaccines\n extremely complex. Preclinical selection of only the most promising\n candidates is therefore essential. Because macaque monkeys develop a\n disease very similar to humans, they have potential to provide\n important information in addition to small animal models. To assess the\n relative merits of rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys as screens for\n tuberculosis vaccines, we compared the efficacy of bacillus\n Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin vaccination and the course of infection in both\n species. Unvaccinated rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys both developed\n progressive disease with high levels of C-reactive protein,\n                    <jats:italic>M.\n tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    -specific IgG, and extensive pathology including\n cavitation and caseous necrosis. Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin\n vaccination protected cynomolgus almost completely toward the\n development of pathology, reflected in a striking 2-log reduction in\n viable bacteria in the lungs compared with nonvaccinated animals.\n Rhesus, on the other hand, were not protected efficiently by the\n bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin. The vaccinated animals developed\n substantial pathology and had negligible reductions of colony-forming\n units in the lungs. Comparative studies in these closely related\n species are likely to provide insight into mechanisms involved in\n protection against tuberculosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.201404898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:34:10Z","timestamp":1027679650000},"page":"11497-11502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"title":["Divergent effect of bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccination on\n                    <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i>\n                    infection in highly related macaque species: Implications for primate models in tuberculosis vaccine research"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Jan A. M.","family":"Langermans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Parasitology and Animal Science,\r Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk,\r The Netherlands; Department of Tuberculosis Immunology,\r Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, 2300 S Copenhagen, Denmark;\r Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and\r Perinatal Screening, National Institute of Public Health and The\r Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;\r Consultatiebureau voor Tuberculose Bestrijding, GGD\r Delfland, Postbus 12652,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Parasitology and Animal Science,\r Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk,\r The Netherlands; Department of Tuberculosis Immunology,\r Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, 2300 S Copenhagen, Denmark;\r Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and\r Perinatal Screening, National Institute of Public Health and The\r Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;\r Consultatiebureau voor Tuberculose Bestrijding, GGD\r Delfland, Postbus 12652,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dick","family":"van Soolingen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Parasitology and Animal Science,\r Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk,\r The Netherlands; Department of Tuberculosis Immunology,\r Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, 2300 S Copenhagen, Denmark;\r Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and\r Perinatal Screening, National Institute of Public Health and The\r Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;\r Consultatiebureau voor Tuberculose Bestrijding, GGD\r Delfland, Postbus 12652,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A. W.","family":"Vervenne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Parasitology and Animal Science,\r Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk,\r The Netherlands; Department of Tuberculosis Immunology,\r Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, 2300 S Copenhagen, Denmark;\r Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and\r Perinatal Screening, National Institute of Public Health and The\r Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;\r Consultatiebureau voor Tuberculose Bestrijding, GGD\r Delfland, Postbus 12652,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrice A.","family":"Frost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Parasitology and Animal Science,\r Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk,\r The Netherlands; Department of Tuberculosis Immunology,\r Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, 2300 S Copenhagen, Denmark;\r Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and\r Perinatal Screening, National Institute of Public Health and The\r Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;\r Consultatiebureau voor Tuberculose Bestrijding, GGD\r Delfland, Postbus 12652,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tridia","family":"van der Laan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Parasitology and Animal Science,\r Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk,\r The Netherlands; Department of Tuberculosis Immunology,\r Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, 2300 S Copenhagen, Denmark;\r Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and\r Perinatal Screening, National Institute of Public Health and The\r Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;\r Consultatiebureau voor Tuberculose Bestrijding, GGD\r Delfland, Postbus 12652,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurens A. H.","family":"van Pinxteren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Parasitology and Animal Science,\r Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk,\r The Netherlands; Department of Tuberculosis Immunology,\r Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, 2300 S Copenhagen, Denmark;\r Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and\r Perinatal Screening, National Institute of Public Health and The\r Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;\r Consultatiebureau voor Tuberculose Bestrijding, GGD\r Delfland, Postbus 12652,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"van den Hombergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Parasitology and Animal Science,\r Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk,\r The Netherlands; Department of Tuberculosis Immunology,\r Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, 2300 S Copenhagen, Denmark;\r Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and\r Perinatal Screening, National Institute of Public Health and The\r Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;\r Consultatiebureau voor Tuberculose Bestrijding, GGD\r Delfland, Postbus 12652,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saskia","family":"Kroon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Parasitology and Animal Science,\r Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk,\r The Netherlands; Department of Tuberculosis Immunology,\r Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, 2300 S Copenhagen, Denmark;\r Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and\r Perinatal Screening, National Institute of Public Health and The\r Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;\r Consultatiebureau voor Tuberculose Bestrijding, GGD\r Delfland, Postbus 12652,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inge","family":"Peekel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Parasitology and Animal Science,\r Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk,\r The Netherlands; Department of Tuberculosis Immunology,\r Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, 2300 S Copenhagen, Denmark;\r Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and\r Perinatal Screening, National Institute of Public Health and The\r Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;\r Consultatiebureau voor Tuberculose Bestrijding, GGD\r Delfland, Postbus 12652,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Florquin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Parasitology and Animal Science,\r Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk,\r The Netherlands; Department of Tuberculosis Immunology,\r Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, 2300 S Copenhagen, Denmark;\r Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and\r Perinatal Screening, National Institute of Public Health and The\r Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;\r Consultatiebureau voor Tuberculose Bestrijding, GGD\r Delfland, Postbus 12652,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan W.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Parasitology and Animal Science,\r Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk,\r The Netherlands; Department of Tuberculosis Immunology,\r Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, 2300 S Copenhagen, Denmark;\r Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and\r Perinatal Screening, National Institute of Public Health and The\r Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;\r Consultatiebureau voor Tuberculose Bestrijding, GGD\r Delfland, Postbus 12652,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00063198-199905000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Control","year":"2001","unstructured":"Global Tuberculosis Control (World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland, 2001)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.23.13881"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510330076038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5389.759"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0396-334"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0896-893"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514132"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.6.2951-2959.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313885"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1999.tb01403.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.177.4.979"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/360593a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.6.907"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.12.1973"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8146660"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2000.917302.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03403540"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1995.tb00669.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/123.5.527"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1968.tb16710.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0496-430"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"1873","volume":"32","author":"Stunkard J A","year":"1971","unstructured":"J A Stunkard, F T Szatalowicz, H C Sudduth Am J Vet Res 32, 1873\u20131878 (1971).","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"1082","volume":"4","author":"Julian E","year":"2000","unstructured":"E Julian, L Matas, A Hernandez, J Alcaide, M Luquin Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 4, 1082\u20131085 (2000).","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/7701"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.6.2243"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314844"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.158.4.1092"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8479(97)90016-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-47-10-871"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00062752-200001000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5368.1432"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1998.1352"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","first-page":"459","volume-title":"Tuberculosis: Pathogenesis, Protection, and Control","author":"Dannenberg A M","year":"1994","unstructured":"A M Dannenberg, G A W Rook Tuberculosis: Pathogenesis, Protection, and Control, ed B R Bloom (Am. 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