{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:28:34Z","timestamp":1787005714689,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"50","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":182,"URL":"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/aboutpnas\/licenses.xhtml"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH117559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH117559"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA036523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA036523"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA11301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA11301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mortality among young adults (age 25 to 44) is rising due in part to preventable, self-inflicted deaths from suicide, alcohol-related liver disease, and drug overdose. This study finds that a comprehensive childhood intervention (Fast Track) designed to reduce conduct problems in at-risk children also reduces the probability of exhibiting adolescent and young adulthood behaviors that precede these deaths, including suicidal ideation and hazardous drinking as well as opioid use in young adulthood. Intervention-driven improvements in children\u2019s interpersonal, intrapersonal, and academic skills in elementary and middle school partially mediate the direct intervention effect on adolescent and young adult behaviors of despair with a strong indirect pathway through earlier acquisition of interpersonal skills.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2016234117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T17:05:55Z","timestamp":1606842355000},"page":"31748-31753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The Fast Track intervention\u2019s impact on behaviors of despair in adolescence and young adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5258-1351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer W.","family":"Godwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen L.","family":"Bierman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Coie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Crowley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth A.","family":"Dodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark T.","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Lochman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen E.","family":"Pinderhughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k3096"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1518393112"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","unstructured":"S. C. Curtin E. Arias \u201cMortality trends by race and ethnicity among adults aged 25 and over 2000\u20132017\u201d (NCHS Data Brief 342 National Center for Health Statistics Hyattsville MD 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","unstructured":"NCHS 2018 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Web-Based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) (2020). https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/injury\/wisqars\/. Accessed 20 May 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","unstructured":"H. Hedegaard A. M. Mini\u00f1o M. Warner \u201cDrug overdose deaths in the United States 1999\u20132017\u201d (NCHS Data Brief 329 National Center for Health Statistics Hyattsville MD 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.2.297"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd11.130293"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.370"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.89"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005643"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-090711-163844"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01615.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13402"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00917538"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00132576-200205000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2010.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(99)00058-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.3.371"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400005605"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2006.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034970"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01447558"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","first-page":"vii-119","article-title":"A dynamic cascade model of the development of substance-use onset","volume":"74","author":"Dodge K. A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"K. A. Dodge ., A dynamic cascade model of the development of substance-use onset. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 74, vii-119 (2009).","journal-title":"Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000442"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","volume-title":"The Fast Track Program for Children at Risk: Preventing Antisocial Behavior","author":"Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group","year":"2019","unstructured":"Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group, The Fast Track Program for Children at Risk: Preventing Antisocial Behavior (Guilford, 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.67.5.631"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.4.674"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","volume-title":"Antisocial Boys","author":"Patterson G. R.","year":"1992","unstructured":"G. R. Patterson, J. B. Reid, T. J. Dishion, Antisocial Boys (Castalia, 1992)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","first-page":"569","volume-title":"DSM\u2013IV Sourcebook","author":"Chamberlain P.","year":"1997","unstructured":"P. Chamberlain, J. B. Reid, J. Ray, D. M. Capaldi, P. Fisher, \u201cParent inadequate discipline (PID)\u201d in DSM\u2013IV Sourcebook, T. A. Widiger, A. J. Frances, H. A. Pincus, M. B. First, R. Ross, W. W. Davis, Eds. (American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, ed. 1, 1997), pp. 569\u2013629."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2270481"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","first-page":"779","volume-title":"Handbook of Child Psychology: Social, Emotional, and Personality Development","author":"Coie J. D.","year":"1998","unstructured":"J. D. Coie, K. A. Dodge, \u201cAggression and antisocial behavior\u201d in Handbook of Child Psychology: Social, Emotional, and Personality Development, W. Damon, N. Eisenberg, Eds. (John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 1998), pp. 779\u2013862."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014274914287"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579402004133"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3304_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431609340513"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e31813e5d39"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-010-9091-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01558.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13060786"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","volume-title":"Lives in the Balance: Age-27 Benefit-Cost Analysis of the High\/Scope Perry Preschool Program","author":"Barnett W. S.","year":"1996","unstructured":"W. S. Barnett, Lives in the Balance: Age-27 Benefit-Cost Analysis of the High\/Scope Perry Preschool Program (High\/Scope Press, 1996)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/reec.1999.0225"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.8.730"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612457394"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12467"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.63.4.549"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00937993"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","volume-title":"Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist\/4-18 and 1991 Profile","author":"Achenbach T. M.","year":"1991","unstructured":"T. M. Achenbach, Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist\/4-18 and 1991 Profile (University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry, 1991)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014227031125"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200001000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","unstructured":"K. M. Harris . The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health: Research Design (2009). https:\/\/addhealth.cpc.unc.edu\/documentation\/study-design\/. Accessed 11 November 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA Adult Forms & Profiles","author":"Achenbach T. M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"T. M. Achenbach, L. A. Rescorla, Manual for the ASEBA Adult Forms & Profiles (University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families, Burlington, VT, 2003)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","first-page":"225","article-title":"Nomenclature and classification of drug- and alcohol-related problems: A WHO memorandum","volume":"59","author":"Edwards G.","year":"1981","unstructured":"G. Edwards, A. Arif, R. Hadgson, Nomenclature and classification of drug- and alcohol-related problems: A WHO memorandum. Bull. World Health Organ. 59, 225\u2013242 (1981).","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.15.1681"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","volume-title":"National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort, 1997-2001","author":"Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor, National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort, 1997-2001 (National Opinion Research Center, the University of Chicago, 2002)."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2016234117","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2016234117","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T06:54:52Z","timestamp":1649832892000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.2016234117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"50","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2016234117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2016234117","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-12-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}