{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T02:37:10Z","timestamp":1792550230565,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":184,"URL":"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/aboutpnas\/licenses.xhtml"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001299","name":"Prevent Cancer Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Fellowship Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fellowship Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001299","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000892","name":"Prostate Cancer Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YI Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YI Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000892","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000892","name":"Prostate Cancer Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16CHAL13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16CHAL13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000892","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-11-1-0521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-11-1-0521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-14-1-0364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-14-1-0364"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016737","name":"Patrick C. Walsh Prostate Cancer Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2016 PCW"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016 PCW"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"HHS | NIH | National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50CA058236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50CA058236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prostate infections and inflammation are potential initiating factors in prostate cancer development. Here, we investigated whether bacterial infections are associated with the presence of the most common prostate cancer oncogenic gene fusion, TMPRSS2:ERG, in early precursor lesions. We provide evidence that TMPRSS2:ERG (ERG+) gene fusions can initiate in early prostate cancer risk factor lesions, including proliferative inflammatory atrophy in the setting of prostate infection. We further demonstrate that these infection-associated ERG+ precursor lesions are transitioning to early invasive cancer. Overall, we provide evidence that, in at least a subset of cases, infection-induced TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusions are an early alteration in the carcinogenic process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2018976118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T16:36:55Z","timestamp":1627922215000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Oncogenic gene fusions in nonneoplastic precursors as evidence that bacterial infection can initiate prostate cancer"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6868-3990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0380-9254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan B.","family":"Coulter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287;"},{"name":"Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Art as Applied to Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4221-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Busra","family":"Ozbek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0055-8365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan M.","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1128-9167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke","family":"Mummert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7165-523X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0448-8552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janielle P.","family":"Maynard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4601-6481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan K.","family":"Meeker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287;"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287;"},{"name":"Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4264-1810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Heaphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287;"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0809-6425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael C.","family":"Haffner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4847-5307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo M.","family":"De Marzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287;"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287;"},{"name":"Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7015-3059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen S.","family":"Sfanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287;"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287;"},{"name":"Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Infections and inflammation in prostate cancer","volume":"1","author":"Sfanos K. S.","year":"2013","unstructured":"K. S. Sfanos, W. B. Isaacs, A. M. De Marzo, Infections and inflammation in prostate cancer. Am. J. Clin. Exp. Urol. 1, 3\u201311 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Exp. Urol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2017.167"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31565"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800077-9.00002-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2090"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65517-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23841"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64286-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(00)00776-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1117679"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-2927"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.06427"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711711105"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.07822"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905931106"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.371"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.370"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.11.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1178124"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.613"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.11.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127059"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1001261107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar7785"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax2685"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-019-0317-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0908-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2080-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1224820"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009310"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2010.12.059"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPU7PPWUPYG8OH"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2016.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000213424.38503.aa"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pcan.2010.23"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31820bcd2d"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-016-2674-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4628"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19930201)71:3 <984::AID-CNCR2820711415>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-15-0431"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700680234"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1968.tb04602.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym050"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63452-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)00337-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)66601-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.pcan.4500681"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2010.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.255620.119"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2018976118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2018976118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T05:56:45Z","timestamp":1649829405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.2018976118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"32","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2018976118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2018976118","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.07.27.224154","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-08-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2018976118"}}