{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:58:10Z","timestamp":1781107090819,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]],"date-time":"2021-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"VoLo Foundation","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["NSF-1848863"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF-1848863"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000893","name":"Simons Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["622065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["622065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000893","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["NSF OCE-1948955"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF OCE-1948955"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Manufactured CFC-11 is depleting the Antarctic ozone layer. CFC production has been strictly controlled by the Montreal Protocol, but emission estimates are very sensitive to choices of lifetimes, which are often assumed as constant over time. We employ a hierarchy of models to study the effect of the ocean on the time-dependent uptake and release of atmospheric CFC-11. The ocean is a sink for CFC-11 and significantly affects its total lifetime and hence the emission inferred from concentration data of past decades. This has not been explicitly included in international ozone assessments. We show that, as anthropogenic production ceases, ocean fluxes become more important, suggesting a need for further studies with high-resolution global models linking atmospheric chemistry and ocean processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2021528118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]],"date-time":"2021-03-15T16:20:45Z","timestamp":1615825245000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["On the effects of the ocean on atmospheric CFC-11 lifetimes and emissions"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6491-7171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peidong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2733-1278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffery R.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2020-7581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9230-3591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5046-0609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Babbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5810-8784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Lickley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5413-4376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David W. J.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7771-9430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"DeVries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5925-3801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald G.","family":"Prinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999RG900008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aae0061"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","unstructured":"WMO \u201cScientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002\u201d in Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project \u2013 Report No. 47 (World Meteorological Organization Geneva Switzerland 2003)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD021097"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15162-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0106-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1193-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-0149(85)90099-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018816"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014716"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95GL01517"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GB002103"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL072972"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JD091iD03p03985"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","unstructured":"A. Engel . \u201cUpdate on Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) and other gases of interest to the Montreal Protocol\u201d in Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2018 Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project. Report No. 58 (World Meteorological Organization 2019) pp. 1.1\u20131.66."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JC02775"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JC02776"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jame.20023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jame.20038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-016-3162-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","unstructured":"J. L. Bullister Data from \u201cAtmospheric Histories (1765-2015) for CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-113 CCl4 SF6 and N2O (NCEI Accession 0164584).\u201d NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3334\/cdiac\/otg.cfc_atm_hist_2015. Accessed 4 August 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1463-5003(01)00013-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JC000184"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-10-985-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2731"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-014-2308-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","first-page":"568","article-title":"Changes in the ventilation of the southern oceans. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math","volume":"372","author":"Waugh D. W.","year":"2014","unstructured":"D. W. Waugh, Changes in the ventilation of the southern oceans. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 372, 568\u2013571 (2014).","journal-title":"Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL022727"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0637(01)00004-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1058673"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL020476"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/94JC00031"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-2691-2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/94JC02205"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/92JC00188"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1990)020<0150:IMIOCM>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JC001253"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JC900095"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","volume-title":"NOAA Atlas NESDIS","author":"Levitus S.","year":"1994","unstructured":"S. Levitus, R. Burgett, T. P. Boyer, \u201cWorld ocean atlas 1994, Vol. 3: Salinity\u201d in NOAA Atlas NESDIS (U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Wash., D.C., 1994)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","volume-title":"NOAA Atlas NESDIS","author":"Levitus S.","year":"1994","unstructured":"S. Levitus, T. P. Boyer, \u201cWorld ocean atlas 1994, Vol. 4: Temperature\u201d in NOAA Atlas NESDIS (U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Wash., D.C., 1994)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1990)020<1742:TMACIG>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","unstructured":"K. E. Trenberth J. G. Olson W. G. Large A Global Ocean Wind Stress Climatology Based on ECMWF Analyses. NCAR Tech. note (1989) https:\/doi.org\/10.5065\/D6ST7MR9."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","unstructured":"W. Chapman; National Center for Atmospheric Research Staff Eds. Data from \u201cThe Climate Data Guide: Walsh and Chapman Northern Hemisphere Sea Ice.\u201d https:\/\/climatedataguide.ucar.edu\/climate-data\/walsh-and-chapman-northern-hemisphere-sea-ice."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","volume-title":"\u201cAntarctic Sea Ice, 1973-1976: Satellite Passive-Microwave Observations\u201d in NASA SP-459","author":"Zwally H. J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"H. J. Zwally ., \u201cAntarctic Sea Ice, 1973-1976: Satellite Passive-Microwave Observations\u201d in NASA SP-459 (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C., 1983)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Wang . Data and code for \u201cOn the effects of the ocean on atmospheric CFC-11 lifetimes and emissions.\u201d Zenodo. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.4435502. Deposited 13 January 2021.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2021528118"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2021528118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2021528118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T06:48:12Z","timestamp":1649832492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.2021528118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2021528118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2021528118","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2021528118"}}