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U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol) can be further strengthened to control ozone-depleting substances and hydrofluorocarbons used as feedstocks to provide additional protection of the stratospheric ozone layer and the climate system while also mitigating plastics pollution. The feedstock exemptions were premised on the assumption that feedstocks presented an insignificant threat to the environment; experience has shown that this is incorrect. Through its adjustment procedures, the Montreal Protocol can narrow the scope of feedstock exemptions to reduce inadvertent and unauthorized emissions while continuing to exempt production of feedstocks for time-limited, essential uses. This upstream approach can be an effective and efficient complement to other efforts to reduce plastic pollution. Existing mechanisms in the Montreal Protocol such as the Assessment Panels and national implementation strategies can guide the choice of environmentally superior substitutes for feedstock-derived plastics. This paper provides a framework for policy makers, industries, and civil society to consider how stronger actions under the Montreal Protocol can complement other chemical and environmental treaties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2022668118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T17:15:25Z","timestamp":1638206125000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Narrowing feedstock exemptions under the Montreal Protocol has multiple environmental benefits"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7600-0240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen O.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Governance &amp; Sustainable Development, Washington, DC 20007;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1843-2069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Song","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan 215316, China;"},{"name":"Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7801-1266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suely","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Clima e Sociedade, Rio de Janeiro 22271-050, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9158-0191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tad","family":"Ferris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Governance &amp; Sustainable Development, Washington, DC 20007;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4455-1755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5534-536X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy J.","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Governance &amp; Sustainable Development, Washington, DC 20007;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2209-2888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiyao","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan 215316, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3658-6894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Durwood","family":"Zaelke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Governance &amp; Sustainable Development, Washington, DC 20007;"},{"name":"Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_1_2","unstructured":"United Nations Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. https:\/\/ozone.unep.org\/treaties\/montreal-protocol-substances-deplete-ozone-layer\/text. 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