{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T02:51:31Z","timestamp":1785034291063,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]],"date-time":"2021-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":183,"URL":"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/aboutpnas\/licenses.xhtml"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP200102867"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP200102867"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP190103787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP190103787"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FT160100055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FT160100055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1136889"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1136889"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002790","name":"Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2018-05841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2018-05841"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013787","name":"Westpac Bicentennial Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["no number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no number"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001794","name":"University of Queensland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UQECR1946597"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UQECR1946597"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Venoms of limacodid caterpillars evolved independently to those of previously studied animals, and analysis of their venom therefore provides an opportunity to examine patterns of molecular convergence and divergence underlying the evolution of venom use. We report remarkable convergence in the recruitment of venom peptides between limacodids and other venomous taxa. Like scorpions and spiders, limacodids have weaponized immune system peptides to deter potential predators, although these cecropin-derived venom peptides are more similar in structure and mode of action to the venom peptides of hymenopteran insects. This study reveals a venom system with a unique combination of features not previously reported in other venomous animals and provides insights into the functional basis of venoms of the Limacodidae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2023815118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T16:18:00Z","timestamp":1619194680000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Production, composition, and mode of action of the painful defensive venom produced by a limacodid caterpillar,\n                    <i>Doratifera vulnerans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1296-6593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew A.","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3518-0377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel D.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7761-0590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Paul V.","family":"Paluzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8573-7508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Merritt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3157-4114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha A.","family":"Nixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia;"},{"name":"CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6737-6374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina I.","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohaddeseh Hedayati","family":"Goudarzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8224-7634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Kotze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6841-4176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoltan","family":"Dekan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7383-440X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy","family":"Sombke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology, Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul F.","family":"Alewood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6661-1283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan G.","family":"Fry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc E.","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA 95832-1448;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3594-9588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Vetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia;"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2308-2200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glenn F.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2006.11.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1907847116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.9.081307.164356"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2012.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20190820"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11110666"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/9781849737876"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5479\/si.00810282.582"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2015.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2003.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5524"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arp166"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-017-0638-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22407"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","volume-title":"List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, Part XXXII: Supplement: Part 2","author":"Walker F.","year":"1865","unstructured":"F. Walker, List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, Part XXXII: Supplement: Part 2 (British Museum, Natural History, London, 1865)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7601\/mez.29.185"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","volume-title":"Natural History of Lepidopterous Insects of New South Wales","author":"Lewin J. W.","year":"1805","unstructured":"J. W. Lewin, Natural History of Lepidopterous Insects of New South Wales (Thomas Lewin, London, 1805)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201900324"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.084"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv351"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts565"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1701"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000069"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2008.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2014.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins5112172"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000092821"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau4640"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201500165"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.5560031022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10110456"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M116.063321"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.12.6469"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-1748(03)00117-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.21206"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.026112"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2015.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033416"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.24.13808"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193831"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11070425"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9832"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03091-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi9018835"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17976"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6887-9_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00742"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20517-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.045369"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.02.088"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120811-153650"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114096"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.57.9.2628-2633.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","first-page":"77","article-title":"Drosophila antibacterial protein, cecropin A, differentially affects non-bacterial organisms such as Leishmania in a manner different from other amphipathic peptides","volume":"1","author":"Akuffo H.","year":"1998","unstructured":"H. Akuffo, D. Hultmark, A. Engst\u00f6m, D. Frohlich, D. Kimbrell, Drosophila antibacterial protein, cecropin A, differentially affects non-bacterial organisms such as Leishmania in a manner different from other amphipathic peptides. Int. J. Mol. Med. 1, 77\u201382 (1998).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1995.1075"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009006386"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-7-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","first-page":"291","volume-title":"Handbook of Natural Toxins, Insect Poisons, Allergens and Other Invertebrate Venoms","author":"Kawamoto F.","year":"1984","unstructured":"F. Kawamoto, N. Kumada, \u201cBiology and venoms of Lepidoptera\u201d in Handbook of Natural Toxins, Insect Poisons, Allergens and Other Invertebrate Venoms, A. T. Tu, Ed. (Dekker, New York, 1984), vol. 2, chap. 9, pp. 291\u2013332."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2016.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.31.291"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/18.2.203"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2768-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu162"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1568-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2005.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2011120117"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.RA118.000908"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2015.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0361-9_6","volume-title":"Natural Toxins 2: Structure, Mechanism of Action, and Detection","author":"Vogel C.-W.","year":"1996","unstructured":"C.-W. Vogel ., \u201cStructure and function of cobra venom factor, the complement-activating protein in cobra venom\u201d in Natural Toxins 2: Structure, Mechanism of Action, and Detection, B. R. Singh, A. T. Tu, Eds. (Springer US, Boston, MA, 1996), pp. 97\u2013114."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giz081"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.05.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.701.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2020.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2016.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1980.tb05991.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(01)02558-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.115.098178"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2023815118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2023815118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T06:05:10Z","timestamp":1649829910000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.2023815118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2023815118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2023815118","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-04-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2023815118"}}