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We find that cycling individuals through Cook County Jail in March 2020 alone can account for 13% of all COVID-19 cases and 21% of racial COVID-19 disparities in Chicago as of early August. We conclude that detention for alleged offenses that can be safely managed without incarceration is likely harming public safety and driving racial health disparities. These findings reinforce consensus among public health experts that large-scale decarceration should be implemented to protect incarcerated people, mitigate disease spread and racial disparities, and improve biosecurity and pandemic preparedness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2026577118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T16:31:44Z","timestamp":1620664304000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Carceral-community epidemiology, structural racism, and COVID-19 disparities"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0246-5197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Reinhart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Data and Evidence for Justice Reform, World Bank, Washington, DC 20433;"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;"},{"name":"Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637;"},{"name":"Chicago Center for Psychoanalysis, Evanston, IL 60204;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5774-2211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data and Evidence for Justice Reform, World Bank, Washington, DC 20433;"},{"name":"Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Paris, \u00cele-de-France, 75116 France;"},{"name":"Toulouse School of Economics, Toulouse, Haute-Garonne, 31000 France;"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, Haute-Garonne, 31000 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30466-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30856-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30769-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03420030067031"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70685-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-777"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.175174"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/521910"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.1856"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. 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