{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T02:07:54Z","timestamp":1793153274206,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":181,"URL":"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/aboutpnas\/licenses.xhtml"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000185","name":"DOD | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N66001-17-2-4008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N66001-17-2-4008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000185","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-DC015504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DC015504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Speech sound learning in adulthood is a highly dynamic process. Here, we used direct neurophysiology of the human brain to examine learning-associated changes in neural activity with unprecedented spatiotemporal detail. While native English listeners were trained to identify unfamiliar pitch patterns in Mandarin, local neural populations throughout the cortex showed a diverse set of encoding properties for Mandarin sounds that tracked behavioral performance. While previous neuroimaging studies have focused on highlighting general differences across broad cortical regions, we demonstrate that these functionally heterogeneous populations are spatially interspersed with one another. These findings provide insight into how the human brain strikes a balance between stability and plasticity during learning in adulthood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2101777118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T12:46:02Z","timestamp":1631623562000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Learning nonnative speech sounds changes local encoding in the adult human cortex"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7152-3712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han G.","family":"Yi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;"},{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharath","family":"Chandrasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7152-8473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirill V.","family":"Nourski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1089"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5699-8733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariane E.","family":"Rhone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1089"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9123-2891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William L.","family":"Schuerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;"},{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Matthew A.","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1089"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2480-4700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward F.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;"},{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8530-880X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew K.","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;"},{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.55.090902.142028"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/APP.72.5.1218"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/1561"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.22.1.567"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705369104"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(02)00198-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(89)90003-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1894649"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.390988"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002383099704000203"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01708572"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.428217"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1531176"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.14.3.345"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015104"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1533"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00238"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20330"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2007.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(97)00030-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.03.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-019-01925-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2008.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0267658313491763"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.418276"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.428112"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00020-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20081"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.09.071"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy289"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104692"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00243"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0584-12.2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1811992116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.04.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4706-14.2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam8577"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41539-020-0070-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000610"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2848-08.2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn147"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19010-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1245994"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.1058"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5758-08.2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2006.18.6.1029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.12.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2501"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao0284"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(83)90200-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00275002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0156-16.2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00230"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3593366"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34739-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1141"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3771-05.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2018.04.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.10.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06698-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2304"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015214"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2454-14.2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3267-16.2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv136"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164318"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.6.2394"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21430-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht127"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2383-16.2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3839"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.12.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-072116-031548"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0554-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14510"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674732889"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_2","first-page":"235","article-title":"Tone dissimilarity judgments by Chinese listeners\/\u58f0\u8c03\u5f02\u540c\u8fa8\u522b\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5","volume":"12","author":"Gandour J.","year":"1984","unstructured":"J. Gandour, Tone dissimilarity judgments by Chinese listeners\/\u58f0\u8c03\u5f02\u540c\u8fa8\u522b\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5. J. Chin. Linguist. 12, 235\u2013261 (1984).","journal-title":"J. Chin. Linguist."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_2","first-page":"267","article-title":"The evaluation and integration of pitch height and pitch contour in lexical tone perception in Mandarin Chinese","volume":"13","author":"Massaro D. W.","year":"1985","unstructured":"D. W. Massaro, M. M. Cohen, C. Tseng, The evaluation and integration of pitch height and pitch contour in lexical tone perception in Mandarin Chinese. J. Chin. Linguist. 13, 267\u2013289 (1985).","journal-title":"J. Chin. Linguist."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-071013-014017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-080317-061936"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_2","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Psychology of Learning and Motivation","author":"McCloskey M.","year":"1989","unstructured":"M. McCloskey, N. J. Cohen, \u201cCatastrophic interference in connectionist networks: The sequential learning problem\u201d in Psychology of Learning and Motivation, G. H. Bower, Ed. (Elsevier, 1989), pp. 109\u2013165."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00504"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2008.00682.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2188377"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2017.00062"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716407070312"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2101777118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2101777118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T08:54:59Z","timestamp":1649840099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.2101777118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"36","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2101777118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2101777118","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-08-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2101777118"}}