{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T16:27:05Z","timestamp":1791044825572,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"21","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Pineal glands removed from neonatal rats at 5, 7, and 9 days of age\n and explanted into short-term culture, synthesized melatonin when\n stimulated with norepinephrine (NE); their melatonin synthesis could\n not be suppressed with bright white light. Dispersed pineal cell\n cultures or pineal explants prepared from 1-day-old neonates and held\n in culture for 7 or 9 days also synthesized melatonin when stimulated\n with NE, but in these cases melatonin synthesis was significantly\n suppressed by light, demonstrating that the pineals had become\n photosensitive while in culture. The development of photosensitivity in\n culture could be partially or completely abolished by the continuous\n presence of 1 or 10 \u03bcm of NE in the culture medium. The pineals of\n all nonmammalian vertebrates are photoreceptive, whereas those of\n mammals do not normally respond to light. We hypothesize that a\n mechanism to suppress pineal photosensitivity by using NE released from\n sympathetic nerve endings evolved early in the history of mammals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.210248297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:43:20Z","timestamp":1027680200000},"page":"11540-11544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Induction of photosensitivity in neonatal rat pineal gland"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Tosini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview\r Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA 30310; and Department of Biology\r and National Science Foundation Center for Biological Timing,\r University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview\r Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA 30310; and Department of Biology\r and National Science Foundation Center for Biological Timing,\r University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Geusz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview\r Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA 30310; and Department of Biology\r and National Science Foundation Center for Biological Timing,\r University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Menaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview\r Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA 30310; and Department of Biology\r and National Science Foundation Center for Biological Timing,\r University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5413.502"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Circadian Organization and Oscillatory Coupling","author":"Menaker M","year":"1996","unstructured":"M Menaker, G Tosini Circadian Organization and Oscillatory Coupling, eds K Honma, S Honma (Hokkaido Univ. 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