{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:03:22Z","timestamp":1788447802845,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DA041613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DA041613"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The use of cocaine and methamphetamine presents significant socioeconomic problems. However, identifying the genetic underpinnings that determine susceptibility to substance use is challenging in human populations. The fruit fly,\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    , presents a powerful genetic model since we can control the genetic background and environment, 75% of disease-causing genes in humans have a fly counterpart, and flies\u2014like humans\u2014exhibit adverse effects upon cocaine and methamphetamine exposure. We showed that the genetic architecture underlying variation in voluntary cocaine and methamphetamine consumption differs between sexes and is dominated by variants in genes associated with connectivity and function of the nervous system. Results obtained from the\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene discovery model can guide studies on substance abuse susceptibility in human populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2104131118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T21:30:44Z","timestamp":1622583044000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Genetic basis of variation in cocaine and methamphetamine consumption in outbred populations of\n                    <i>Drosophila melanogaster<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3105-2308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon M.","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29646;"},{"name":"Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29646;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5086-2480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Anna","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Integrated Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695;"},{"name":"Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6788-8364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7196-8324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert R. H.","family":"Anholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29646;"},{"name":"Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29646;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2312-7245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trudy F. C.","family":"Mackay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29646;"},{"name":"Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29646;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse Cost of substance abuse. https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/drug-topics\/trends-statistics\/costs-substance-abuse. Accessed 19 February 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"United Nations \u201cWorld drug report\u201d (Sales No. E.20.XI.6 United Nations 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2820058"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","first-page":"131","article-title":"Effects of cocaine and related drugs in nonhuman primates. I. [3H]Cocaine binding sites in caudate-putamen","volume":"251","author":"Madras B. K.","year":"1989","unstructured":"B. K. Madras, M. A. Fahey, J. Bergman, D. R. Canfield, R. D. Spealman, Effects of cocaine and related drugs in nonhuman primates. I. [3H]Cocaine binding sites in caudate-putamen. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 251, 131\u2013141 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2005.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Adverse health consequences of cocaine abuse","volume":"81","author":"Cregler L. L.","year":"1989","unstructured":"L. L. Cregler, Adverse health consequences of cocaine abuse. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 81, 27\u201338 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Natl. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712803988901"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","first-page":"146","article-title":"Current research on methamphetamine: Epidemiology, medical and psychiatric effects, treatment, and harm reduction efforts","volume":"6","author":"Radfar S. R.","year":"2014","unstructured":"S. R. Radfar, R. A. Rawson, Current research on methamphetamine: Epidemiology, medical and psychiatric effects, treatment, and harm reduction efforts. Addict. Health 6, 146\u2013154 (2014).","journal-title":"Addict. Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.012809.103600"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2013.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/379606a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80418-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.13.7699"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.4.1982"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00993"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.3.345"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2007.06.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008832"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007834"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.003293"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14431"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.37.773"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10811"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.171546.113"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12399"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702726104"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.10.070"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cib.3.4.11885"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","first-page":"193","article-title":"Proboscis extension response (PER) assay in Drosophila","volume":"3","author":"Shiraiwa T.","year":"2007","unstructured":"T. Shiraiwa, J. R. Carlson, Proboscis extension response (PER) assay in Drosophila. J. Vis. Exp. 3, 193 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkg115"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2003-4-5-p3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-2064-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138129"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","article-title":"The Drosophila brain on cocaine at single-cell resolution","author":"Baker B. M.","unstructured":"B. M. Baker ., The Drosophila brain on cocaine at single-cell resolution. Genome Res., in press.","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13877"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyz050"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2007.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00340-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001742"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13863"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2330-11.2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013316611768"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1213423109"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90538-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gep.2011.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.10277"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.005579"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-016-9819-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006907"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05954"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.806"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08923"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1510104112"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.118.200260"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1613833113"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr372"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","unstructured":"Harvard University DIOPT (Version 8 Department of Genetics Harvard Medical School 2019). https:\/\/www.flyrnai.org\/diopt. Accessed 17 September 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-357"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2104131118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2104131118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T08:27:28Z","timestamp":1649838448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.2104131118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2104131118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2104131118","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.03.01.433403","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-05-31","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2104131118"}}