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U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Drainage of interstitial fluid and solutes from the brainstem has not been well studied. To map one drainage pathway in the human brainstem, we took advantage of the focal blood\u2013brain barrier disruption occurring in a multiple sclerosis brainstem lesion, coupled with intravenous injection of gadolinium, which simulates an intraparenchymal injection of gadolinium tracer within the restricted confines of this small brain region. Using high-resolution MRI, we show how it is possible for interstitial fluid to drain into the adjacent trigeminal and oculomotor nerves, in keeping with a pathway of communication between the extracellular spaces of the brainstem and cranial nerve parenchyma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2106331118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T16:57:27Z","timestamp":1635872247000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Gadolinium enhancement of cranial nerves: Implications for interstitial fluid drainage from brainstem into cranial nerves in humans"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1629-5774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aravinthan","family":"Varatharaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana O.","family":"Carare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy O.","family":"Weller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3229-3093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary","family":"Gawne-Cain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1268-5102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Galea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","first-page":"e12053","article-title":"Clearance of interstitial fluid (ISF) and CSF (CLIC) group-part of vascular professional interest area (PIA): Cerebrovascular disease and the failure of elimination of amyloid-\u03b2 from the brain and retina with age and Alzheimer\u2019s disease\u2013Opportunities for therapy","volume":"12","author":"Carare R. 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