{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:32:35Z","timestamp":1781109155634,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21876030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21876030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007219","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19ZR1403800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19ZR1403800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Preventing pathogenic viral and bacterial transmission in the human environment is critical, especially in potential outbreaks that may be caused by the release of ancient bacteria currently trapped in the permafrost. Existing commercial disinfectants present issues such as a high carbon footprint. This study proposes a sustainable alternative, a bioliquid derived from biomass prepared by hydrothermal liquefaction. Results indicate a high inactivation rate of pathogenic virus and bacteria by the as-prepared bioliquid, such as up to 99.99% for H1N1, H5N1, H7N9 influenza A virus, and\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    var\n                    <jats:italic>. niger<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores and 99.49% for\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Inactivation of\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    confirmed that low-molecular-weight and low-polarity compounds in bioliquid are potential antibacterial components. High temperatures promoted the production of antibacterial substances via depolymerization and dehydration reactions. Moreover, bioliquid was innoxious as confirmed by the rabbit skin test, and the cost per kilogram of the bioliquid was $0.04427, which is notably lower than that of commercial disinfectants. This study demonstrates the potential of biomass to support our biosafety with greater environmental sustainability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2106843119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T16:25:12Z","timestamp":1641831912000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Biosafety of human environments can be supported by effective use of renewable biomass"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4368-265X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fengbo","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7770-4810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1596-2168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0848-5738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8367-9861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6745-4734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyu","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8182-5458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Litao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4278-4512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6751-0852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guodong","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6773-5149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daxin","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0600-602X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region\u2019s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3861-8482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongguan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9994-1385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shicheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Pollution Control and Resource Utilization of Organic Wastes, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8536-7690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangdong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Pollution Control and Resource Utilization of Organic Wastes, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","first-page":"1085","article-title":"Natural host-environmental media-human: A new potential pathway of COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"6","author":"Li M.","year":"2020","unstructured":"M. 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