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Minimally destructive and cost effective, ZooMS enables rapid taxonomic identification of large bone assemblages, cultural heritage objects, and other organic materials of animal origin. As its importance grows as both a research and a conservation tool, it is critical to ensure that its expanding body of users understands its fundamental principles, strengths, and limitations. Here, we outline the basic functionality of ZooMS and provide guidance on interpreting collagen spectra from archaeological bones. We further examine the growing potential of applying ZooMS to nonmammalian assemblages, discuss available options for minimally and nondestructive analyses, and explore the potential for peptide mass fingerprinting to be expanded to noncollagenous proteins. We describe the current limitations of the method regarding accessibility, and we propose solutions for the future. Finally, we review the explosive growth of ZooMS over the past decade and highlight the remarkably diverse applications for which the technique is suited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2109323119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T14:58:01Z","timestamp":1652194681000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["A primer for ZooMS applications in archaeology"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Kristine Korzow","family":"Richter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology,\r                     Harvard University\r                    , Cambridge, MA 02318"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5617-9415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria C.","family":"Codlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology,\r                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