{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:29:10Z","timestamp":1790728150017,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":181,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-17-CE34-0010 MERTOX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-17-CE34-0010 MERTOX"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Humans are exposed to toxic methylmercury mainly by consuming marine fish. New environmental policies under the Minamata Convention rely on a yet-poorly-known understanding of how mercury emissions translate into fish methylmercury levels. Here, we provide the first detailed map of mercury concentrations from skipjack tuna across the Pacific. Our study shows that the natural functioning of the global ocean has an important influence on tuna mercury concentrations, specifically in relation to the depth at which methylmercury concentrations peak in the water column. However, mercury inputs originating from anthropogenic sources are also detectable, leading to enhanced tuna mercury levels in the northwestern Pacific Ocean that cannot be explained solely by oceanic processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2113032119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T17:21:01Z","timestamp":1641316861000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Evidence that Pacific tuna mercury levels are driven by marine methylmercury production and anthropogenic inputs"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2928-1419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana\u00efs","family":"M\u00e9dieu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Fran\u00e7ais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (Ifremer), LEMAR, Plouzan\u00e9 F-29280, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5218-7781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Point","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatoire Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es, G\u00e9osciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), UMR CNRS 5563\/IRD 234, Universit\u00e9 Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31400, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takaaki","family":"Itai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Angot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais, Wallis, Sion 1951, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7142-882X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pearse J.","family":"Buchanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9874-3077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Allain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceanic Fisheries Programme, Pacific Community, Noum\u00e9a 98800, New Caledonia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leanne","family":"Fuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecosystem and Bycatch Program, Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, CA 92037;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shane","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecosystem and Bycatch Program, Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, CA 92037;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1351-8418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David P.","family":"Gillikin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7146-3035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen E.","family":"Sonke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatoire Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es, G\u00e9osciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), UMR CNRS 5563\/IRD 234, Universit\u00e9 Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31400, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars-Eric","family":"Heimb\u00fcrger-Boavida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS\/Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers (INSU), Universit\u00e9 de Toulon, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography UM 110, Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, Marseille 13288, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5749-2593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Ma\u00eblle","family":"Desgranges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS\/Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers (INSU), Universit\u00e9 de Toulon, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography UM 110, Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, Marseille 13288, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1457-9696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe E.","family":"Menkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENTROPIE (UMR 9220),  IRD, Ifremer, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de la R\u00e9union, Universit\u00e9 de la Nouvelle Cal\u00e9donie, Noum\u00e9a 98800, New Caledonia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Madigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2561-6560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Brosset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Fran\u00e7ais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (Ifremer), LEMAR, Plouzan\u00e9 F-29280, France;"},{"name":"Ifremer, Laboratoire de Biologie Halieutique, Plouzan\u00e9 29280, France;"},{"name":"DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), Institut Agro - Agrocampus Ouest, Ifremer, Institut national de recherche pour l\u2019agriculture, l\u2019alimentation et l\u2019environnement (INRAE), Rennes 35042, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Gauthier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Fran\u00e7ais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (Ifremer), LEMAR, Plouzan\u00e9 F-29280, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3572-3634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Tagliabue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Bopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie Dynamique (LMD)\/Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure\/PSL University, CNRS, \u00c9cole Polytechnique, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris 75231, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anouk","family":"Verheyden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Lorrain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Fran\u00e7ais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (Ifremer), LEMAR, Plouzan\u00e9 F-29280, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","first-page":"11466","article-title":"Updated global and oceanic mercury budgets for the United Nations global mercury assessment 2018","volume":"52","author":"Outridge P. M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"P. M. Outridge, R. P. Mason, F. Wang, S. Guerrero, L. E. Heimb\u00fcrger-Boavida, Updated global and oceanic mercury budgets for the United Nations global mercury assessment 2018. Environ. Sci. Technol. 52, 11466\u201311477 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03859-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-021-00793-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136166"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/347457a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447(2007)36[3:MEAHEI]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9377"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06058"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-11915-2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.0c00220"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13563"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2016.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.04.048"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900711106"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128024"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.05.070"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2017.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04328"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3757"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/8d6ea4b6-en"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2014.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-597X(02)00057-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f07-017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-007-8004-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2006.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.01.099"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","first-page":"199","volume-title":"Advances in Marine Biology","author":"Olson R. J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"R. J. Olson , \u201cBioenergetics, trophic ecology, and niche separation of tunas\u201d in Advances in Marine Biology, M. Lesser, Ed. (Elsevier, 2016), chap. 4, pp. 199\u2013344."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f2011-120"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1230667"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2010.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2007.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12829"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-018-0081-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04238"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab281f"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012958"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.076"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2004.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GB005124"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gbc.20040"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-6353-2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es5058665"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization UNEP Chemicals \u201cGuidance for identifying populations at risk from mercury exposure\u201d (UNEP DTIE Chemicals Branch and WHO Department of Food Safety Zoonoses and Foodborne Diseases 2008)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","unstructured":"ISSF \u201cStatus of the world fisheries for tuna. Mar. 2019\u201d (ISSF Tech. Rep. 2019-07 International Seafood Sustainability Foundation 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21399"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1153847"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","first-page":"477","volume-title":"IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate","author":"Bindoff N. L.","year":"2019","unstructured":"N. L. Bindoff , \u201cChanging ocean, marine ecosystems, and dependent communities\u201d in IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, H.-O. P\u00f6rtner et\u00a0al., Eds. (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2019), pp. 477\u2013587."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1202422"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-13-4023-2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15316"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1468-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2008.01394.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2018.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/elementa.221"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2012.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GB005120"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GB003425"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b04542"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-5271-2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","unstructured":"UN Environment \u201cGlobal Mercury Assessment 2018\u201d (UN Environment Programme Chemicals and Health Branch 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139619"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12763"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-8-2465-2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2018.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","unstructured":"U. Schulzweida CDO User Guide. (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12952\/journal.elementa.000088"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049220"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2009.00001.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124104268644"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","unstructured":"R Core Team \u201cR: A language and environment for statistical computing; 2015\u201d (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","unstructured":"S. Wood M. S. Wood \u201cPackage \u2018mgcv\u2019. R package version 1\u201d (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2019.102235"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GB006769"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004967112178"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114356"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es504070y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/244273a0"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2113032119","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2113032119","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T08:09:35Z","timestamp":1649837375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.2113032119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2113032119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2113032119","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-11-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-01-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2113032119"}}