{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:28:50Z","timestamp":1787005730381,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":181,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011199","name":"EC | FP7 | FP7 Ideas: European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["683144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["683144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G011315N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G011315N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Anthrax is a deadly infection caused by exposure to\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    bacteria. Anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx) has long been recognized as a major determinant of lethal anthrax, which paralyzes the host\u2019s immune defenses by killing off macrophages. Despite the importance of macrophage cytotoxicity in anthrax pathogenesis, the signaling pathways underlying cell death of\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected macrophages are poorly understood. This study shows that infection with live\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    or LeTx intoxication sensitizes macrophages to TNF-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation and caspase-8\u2013mediated apoptosis. Moreover, caspase-8\u2013mediated apoptosis is shown to promote anthrax-associated lethality in\u00a0vivo. Collectively, the study establishes TNF- and RIPK1 kinase activity\u2013dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation and macrophage apoptosis as key host\u2013pathogen mechanisms in lethal anthrax.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2116415119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T16:00:52Z","timestamp":1641571252000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["<i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n                    induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation and caspase-8\u2013mediated apoptosis of macrophages to promote lethal anthrax"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9478-9994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Van Hauwermeiren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium;"},{"name":"Center for Inflammation 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