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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Infant-directed singing is a culturally universal musical phenomenon known to promote the bonding of infants and caregivers. Entrainment is a widely observed physical phenomenon by which diverse physical systems adjust rhythmic activity through interaction. Here we show that the simple act of infant-directed singing entrains infant social visual behavior on subsecond timescales, increasing infants\u2019 looking to the eyes of a singing caregiver: as early as 2 months of age, and doubling in strength by 6 months, infants synchronize their eye-looking to the rhythm of infant-directed singing. Rhythmic entrainment also structures caregivers\u2019 own cueing, enhancing their visual display of social-communicative content: caregivers increase wide-eyed positive affect, reduce neutral facial affect, reduce eye motion, and reduce blinking, all in time with the rhythm of their singing and aligned in time with moments when infants increase their eye-looking. In addition, if the rhythm of infant-directed singing is experimentally disrupted\u2014reducing its predictability\u2014then infants\u2019 time-locked eye-looking is also disrupted. These results reveal generic processes of entrainment as a fundamental coupling mechanism by which the rhythm of infant-directed singing attunes infants to precisely timed social-communicative content and supports social learning and development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2116967119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T14:50:06Z","timestamp":1667400606000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Music of infant-directed singing entrains infants\u2019 social visual behavior"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4362-3032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam D.","family":"Lense","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232"},{"name":"Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7356-6716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Shultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marcus Autism Center, Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30329"},{"name":"Division of Autism &amp; Related Disabilities, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corine","family":"Ast\u00e9sano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de NeuroPsychoLinguistique, Universit\u00e9 Toulouse Jean Jaur\u00e8s, 31058 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"UMR 5267 Praxiling, Universit\u00e9 Paul Val\u00e9ry, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4802-2543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Warren","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marcus Autism Center, Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30329"},{"name":"Division of Autism &amp; Related Disabilities, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307"},{"name":"Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30307"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05721.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"57","volume-title":"The Cognitive Neuroscience of Music","author":"Huron D.","year":"2012","unstructured":"D. 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