{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T08:56:13Z","timestamp":1787648173197,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"28","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Psychobiology of Israeli","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"name":"Banting Postdoctoral Fellowship of Canada","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 EY12793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY12793"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM103645"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM103645"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S10OD025181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S10OD025181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies with experimental animals have revealed a mood-regulating neural pathway linking intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC), involved in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Since humans also have light-intensity\u2013encoding ipRGCs, we asked whether a similar pathway exists in humans. Here, functional MRI was used to identify PFC regions and other areas exhibiting light-intensity\u2013dependent signals. We report 26 human brain regions having activation that either monotonically decreases or monotonically increases with light intensity. Luxotonic-related activation occurred across the cerebral cortex, in diverse subcortical structures, and in the cerebellum, encompassing regions with functions related to visual image formation, motor control, cognition, and emotion. Light suppressed PFC activation, which monotonically decreased with increasing light intensity. The sustained time course of light-evoked PFC responses and their susceptibility to prior light exposure resembled those of ipRGCs. These findings offer a functional link between light exposure and PFC-mediated cognitive and affective phenomena.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2118192119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T14:25:43Z","timestamp":1657117543000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Luxotonic signals in human prefrontal cortex as a possible substrate for effects of light on mood and cognition"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4752-3832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shai","family":"Sabbah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7126-6178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S.","family":"Worden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912"},{"name":"Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0843-2102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios D.","family":"Laniado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3827-0079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Berson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912"},{"name":"Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6320-7752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerome N.","family":"Sanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912"},{"name":"Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912"},{"name":"Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Veterans Affairs Providence Healthcare System, Providence, RI 02908"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730412448324"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.96"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703615105"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2235"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","article-title":"Bright light therapy as augmentation of pharmacotherapy for treatment of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Penders T. M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"T. M. Penders , Bright light therapy as augmentation of pharmacotherapy for treatment of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord. 18, 10.4088\/PCC.15r01906 (2016).","journal-title":"Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.16101200"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.262"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01557"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcps.2013.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1477153511418769"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1423-12.2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4117-08.2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Sabbah Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells evade temporal filtering to encode environmental light intensity bioRxiv [Preprint] (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.04.09.487733 (Accessed 1 July 2022).","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.04.09.487733"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067262"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10206"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3743"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11673"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.09.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-008-0189-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0640-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021691"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz0898"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-09-03628.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)91213-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(02)00102-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810030049007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01117-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.5.675","article-title":"Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: Converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness","volume":"156","author":"Mayberg H. S.","year":"1999","unstructured":"H. S. Mayberg , Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: Converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness. Am. J. Psychiatry 156, 675\u2013682 (1999).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5024520"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.01045"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2626(92)90075-W"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00589.2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307948101"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4382-05.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.01.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.6090"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15578"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-14-06063.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.01.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5355.1347"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1175-16.2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2994"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1100301"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2626(03)00277-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa196"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2014.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jevp.2000.0198"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1422-12.2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1268"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00165.2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-006-0621-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00450"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0065-17.2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16468"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-071714-034120"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09600"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711522114"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23555"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.2987"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2004.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-017-1461-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.07.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2004.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7434030"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199501053320102"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5413.505"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-06405.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(94)90068-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.04.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705843104"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0708965105"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00513.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21203"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.50.5.607"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.928"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1229"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00741-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.1.126"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.5.1253"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.11.2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.041600898"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.03.078"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000175242.05343.50"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1704877114"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_97_2","unstructured":"S. Sabbah M. Worden D. M. Berson J. N. Sanes D. D. Laniado Code and data - Luxotonic signals in human prefrontal cortex as a possible substrate for effects of light on mood and cognition. Figshare. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.6054941.v1. Deposited 20 June 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_98_2","unstructured":"S. Sabbah M. S. Worden D. D. Laniado D. M. Berson J. N. Sanes Luminance. OpenNeuro. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18112\/openneuro.ds004065.v1.0.0. Deposited 21 June 2022."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2118192119","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T19:49:57Z","timestamp":1676058597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.2118192119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"28","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2118192119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2118192119","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-10-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-16","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2118192119"}}