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U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Children in the United States sleep less than the recommended amount and sleep deficiencies may be worse among disadvantaged children. Prior studies that compared sleep time in children of different race\/ethnic groups mostly relied on questionnaires or were limited to small sample sizes. Our study takes advantage of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study to compare total sleep time using a week of actigraphy data among American children (n = 4,207, 9 to 13 y old) of different racial\/ethnic and income groups. We also assessed the effects of neighborhood deprivation, experience of discrimination, parent\u2019s age at child\u2019s birth, body mass index (BMI), and time the child fell asleep on sleep times. Daily total sleep time for the sample was 7.45 h and race\/ethnicity, income, sex, age, BMI, were all significant predictors of total sleep time. Black children slept less than White children (\u223c34 min; Cohen\u2019s d = 0.95), children from lower income families slept less than those from higher incomes (\u223c16 min; Cohen\u2019s d = 0.44), boys slept less than girls (\u223c7 min; Cohen\u2019s d = 0.18), and older children slept less than younger ones (\u223c32 min; Cohen\u2019s d = 0.91); mostly due to later sleep times. Children with higher BMI also had shorter sleep times. Neither area deprivation index, experience of discrimination, or parent\u2019s age at child\u2019s birth significantly contributed to sleep time. Our findings indicate that children in the United States sleep significantly less than the recommended amount for healthy development and identifies significant racial and income disparities. Interventions to improve sleep hygiene in children will help improve health and ameliorate racial disparities in health outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2120009119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T15:00:31Z","timestamp":1658156431000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Disparities in sleep duration among American children: effects of race and ethnicity, income, age, and sex"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Natasha T.","family":"Giddens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4676-4191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Juneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Data Services, NIH Library, Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0791-357X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Manza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2934-8794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corinde E.","family":"Wiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Center for Studies of Addiction, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora D.","family":"Volkow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2707"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2014.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa193"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2020.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7038a1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1696"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"Associations between adolescent sleep deficiency and prescription opioid misuse in adulthood","volume":"44","author":"Groenewald C. 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